Fermentation of Carbohydrates: Ethanol from Sucrose Essay

Objective: To exhibit a maturation procedure, separate the ethanol delivered by fragmentary refining, decide the sythesis of the ethanol arrangement recuperated, and make stoichiometric and yield estimations. Systems: Maturation Weigh out 20.0 g of sucrose and spot it into a 250-mL Erlenmeyer jar. Include 100 mL of water and tenderly shake until all the sucrose has broken up. To this arrangement include 0.60 g of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K), 1.8 g of sodium phosphate hydrate (Na3PO4ï‚ ·12HO) and 2.0 g of dried baker’s yeast. Enthusiastically shake the substance to blend them altogether. The Erlenmeyer jar is fitted with a one-gap elastic plug containing a short bit of glass tubing. Latex tubing (8 - 12 in.) is joined to the glass tubing. An overhand bunch is freely tied in the tubing. The low piece of the circle is loaded up with simply enough water so the entry is blocked, however gas from the aging chamber will have the option to push the water off the beaten path and getaway (brewers call this a sealed area). This arrangement bars air (and oxygen) from the framework (which permits anaerobic oxidation) and forestalls further oxidation (by vigorous oxidation) of the ethanol to acidic corros ive. Mark the aging arrangement with your name and spot the carafe in the hatchery chamber Separation by Fractional Distillation Try not to shake the jar; abstain from upsetting the residue on the base! Get your jar from the hatchery shower or chamber. Cautiously expel the elastic plug from the 250-mL Erlenmeyer flagon. Set up a vacuum filtration get together utilizing two 250-mL side-arm channel carafes, a 5.5-cm Buchner pipe (with a Filtervac or neoprene connector), and two lengths (every 12 in.) of vacuum tubing. [N.B. We utilize the subsequent jar so between the suction apparatus and our channel cup with the goal that the filtrate won't become polluted if faucet water is gotten back through the hose.] Place a bit of channel paper into the Buchner pipe so it covers all the openings and lies level. Into aâ 250-mL recepticle, place 100 mL of water and one tablespoon of Celite. Mix enthusiastically and empty the blend into the Buchner pipe while the water is running and a vacuum is applied. A dainty layer of the Celite Filter Aid will frame on the channel paper. Dispose of the water gathered in the channel ja r. Try not to suck an excessive amount of air through the channel cushion; on the off chance that it dries, it might break and be unusable. Cautiously tap the fluid in the maturation cup over the residue through the Celite Filter Aid, utilizing attractions. This procedure traps the little yeast particles in the Celite Filter Aid yet lets through water, ethanol, and some other fluid polluting influences. This fluid filtrate will be refined. Acquire a refining arrangement and collect the dish sets for refining. Note the arrangement of the thermometer bulb in the connector take-off to the condenser. Safely brace the contraption and condenser, and secure joints with plastic clasps. Utilize a little touch of silicone oil on all the standard-tighten joints as you interface them. Gather the distillate in a graduated chamber. Utilize a round-base refining carafe that will be filled around one-half to twothirds full; a 250-mL round-base jar ought to do. Add 2-3 bubbling stones to the cup. Utilize a warming mantle for the warmth source and a Variac to control the warmth. Your mantle may have a worked in voltage controller. Step by step turn up the warmth until the fluid in the refining carafe starts to bubble. As the fumes ascend in the head, you will see fluid consolidating; this ring of condensate will ascend in the segment. Control the setting on the Variac with the goal that the condensate rises gradually through the segment and at an even rate. (In the event that the rate is excessively quick, the section will flood.) The temperature readings at the refining head will rise; when the temperature comes to (about) 78Â °C, start to gather the fluid that distils. Dispose of any fluid refining before this temperature is reached. Gather fluid refining somewhere in the range of 78 and 90Â °C. Gather 10-15 mL of distillate. Mood killer the warmth source and expel the warming mantle from the refining carafe. Gauge a 50-mL measuring utencil to the closest 0.001 g. With a 10-mL volumetric pipet, move 10 mL of distillate to the measuring glass (V). Don't pipet with your mouth; utilize a pipet bulb. Recheck the recepticle and fluid (5), and by contrast, decide the heaviness of the distillate. Decide the density,â and by alluding to the chart, decide the percent structure of the ethanol.

Persuade to Stop Physical Bullying

Physical Bullying Physical harassing is a major issue, influencing the harasser and the person in question, yet additionally different understudies who witness the tormenting. Guardians, instructors, and other concerned grown-ups and youngsters ought to know about what physical harassing is and a portion of the approaches to deal with it. There are numerous kinds of adverse physical cooperations that can happen between youngsters, including battling, down to earth jokes, taking, and inappropriate behavior. These things are not viewed as physical tormenting except if: * a similar casualty is focused on over and again The domineering jerk or menaces plan to hurt, humiliate, or scare the victimâ * The activities happen in a circumstance with a genuine or saw irregularity of influence, for example, when the harasser is more grounded than the person in question or has a higher social remaining In this specific circumstance, physical harassing can take numerous structures: * Hitting * Pu shing * Tripping * Slapping * Spitting * Stealing or wrecking assets, including books, attire, or lunch cash Physical tormenting may likewise go too far into lewd behavior or sexual assault.Physical tormenting happens frequently at school, however it can likewise happen while in transit to and from school and after school. Center school is the age when harassing is generally normal, with practically all center school understudies being influenced straightforwardly or in a roundabout way by tormenting. This is an age where youngsters need more to fit in with their companions, making a few understudies bound to menace or support harassing to fit in, while the individuals who don't fit in stand apart more as victims.Bullying can likewise happen in prior evaluations, just as through secondary school and even into adulthood. Physical harassing is bound to happen among guys, however females may likewise be the perpetuators or casualties of physical tormenting. Menaces may have any number of explanations behind tormenting others, for example, needing more command over others, and needing to fit in. Menaces are frequently genuinely more grounded than their casualties and have companions who excuse their behavior.Students who menace others, in any case, regularly experience difficulty with restraint, adhering to rules, and thinking about others, and are at higher hazard for issues sometime down the road, for example, viciousness, criminal conduct, or disappointment seeing someone or vocation. Casualties of physical tormenting are generally truly more fragile than the harassers, and furthermore might be socially minimized for reasons unknown, including weight, ethnicity, or different qualities that make it harder for them to fit in. Harassing can have genuine ramifications for the person in question, prompting low confidence, wretchedness, inconvenience at school, and at times even fierce behavior.Some signs that an understudy might be a survivor of physical tormenting include: * Coming home from school with wounds, cuts, or other unexplained wounds * Having harmed attire, books, or assets * Often â€Å"losing† things that they take to class * Complaining of much of the time not feeling a long time before school or school exercises * Skipping certain classes * Wanting to abstain from going to class or going to class a specific way, for example, taking bizarre courses home from school or not having any desire to ride the transport * Acting dismal or discouraged Withdrawing from others * Saying they feel singled out * Displaying low confidence * Mood swings, including outrage or bitterness * Wanting to flee * Trying to take a weapon to class * Talking about self destruction or brutality against others If an understudy is a casualty of harassing, show love and backing to the youngster and clarify that the harassing isn't their flaw, and that what the harasser is doing isn't right. Converse with the casualty to discover when and how the harassi ng is occurring, at that point converse with educators and school executives about the problem.Bullying ought to consistently be paid attention to. Try not to urge the casualty to retaliate. Frequently the most ideal approach to manage menaces is to maintain a strategic distance from them or respond as meager as could be expected under the circumstances. Shockingly, with physical tormenting this isn't generally conceivable. Remaining with a companion or companions or where grown-ups are administering can some of the time help deflect the tormenting. On the off chance that the casualty is battling with sentiments of melancholy or outrage, look for directing to assist them with managing their feelings. In the event that an understudy is being a domineering jerk, disclose to them that the conduct isn't acceptable.All youngsters ought to be instructed to regard others and that tormenting isn't worthy. Guardians should converse with their youngsters regularly about what goes on at school , including their companions and in the event that they ever observe or experience tormenting. Guardians ought to urge their youngsters not to help harassing, even by watching it, and to report it if it's going on. Contingent upon the circumstance, the understudy might have the option to confront the harasser, show support for the person in question, or if nothing else leave the tormenting and report it to an adult.Parents of casualties or of menaces can likewise urge schools to have more grounded enemy of harassing measures, similar to hostile to harassing efforts, cautious grown-up management of understudies, zero-resistance strategies, and guiding for understudies engaged with harassing. Sources: SAMHSA Family Guide, â€Å"Bullying Affects All Middle School Kids† [online] Nemours, TeensHealth, â€Å"Dealing with Bullying† [online] Consortium to Prevent School Violence, â€Å"Fact Sheet #2: Bullying Prevention† [online] HealthNewsDigest. com, â€Å"Know the S igns of Physical Bullying† [online]

Wayfair

Wayfair WHAT IS WAYFAIR?The CompanyWayfair Inc, formerly known as CSN Stores, is a multinational ecommerce website. The US based company has headquarters in Boston, Massachusetts as well as warehouse and corporate offices in various locations in the United States as well as in Australia, Ireland, United Kingdom and Germany.The company began in 2002 as CSN Stores that sold limited furniture such as stereo racks and stands. Over the next few years, the site grew to become the largest online destination for home items such as furnishing as well as luggage, toys and pet related products. The site expanded from a single website to over 250 individual sites that sell a variety of items.Nearly ten years after the site was founded, the creators took the step to move all the sites to one destination and renamed it as Wayfair. This was in 2011 and by 2012 the annual revenue crossed $600 million with the site offering millions of products in different categories, styles and prices. As of 2013, the comp any features more than 7000 suppliers that offer over 7 million products through five distinct brands: Wayfair.com, AllModern, Birch Lane, DwellStudio and Joss Main.HistoryThe initial version of the Wayfair was created by two entrepreneurs, Niraj Shah and Steve Conine in 2002. The operation as a two person enterprise in Conine’s home in Boston. Both founders had degrees from Cornell University and had already had experience running two companies, Simplify Mobile and iXL.The website was named CSN Stores which was nothing more than a combination of their initials. The initial website was called rackandstands.com selling media stands and furniture for storage. In the following year, other items were added to the portfolio of products including patio and garden supplies. The websites grew from three employees to a dozen. The company continued to grow over the next two years with items such as home décor, office furniture, kitchen and dining furniture, home improvement goods, bed and bath products, luggage and lighting added to the catalogue.In 2006, the company made its first $1 million in sales. Over the next four years, the pace of growth continued both within the United States and outside. Overseas expansion began with shipping to Canada, selling in the United Kingdom and an office location in London. International expansion continued with Australia and Germany.In 2008, the company was named the fastest growing ecommerce company in Massachusetts by the Boston Business Journal and the fourth fastest overall. By 2010 the company had grown enough to move to a 10 floor office space and by 2011, over 200 online shops were covered under the CSN Stores umbrella. These shops were predominately niche stores that catered to specific interests or products such as cookware.com, strollers.com etc.At this point, Shah and Conine realized the need to unify into a single site and create a more focused entity. CSN was rebranded and launched as Wayfair in 2011 after a $165 mi llion fundraising. The investment into the new brand and its expansion efforts came from four investment firms, Battery Ventures, Great Hill Partners, HarbourVest Partners and Spark Capital. All of the CSN Store websites were consolidated except Joss Main and AllModern. Wayfair acquired Wayfair supply, catering to business, government and institutional customers and DwellStudio, a New York City based design house and retailer.At present, Wayfair remains the largest online retailer for home products in the United States. Revenue has continued to increase from $380 million in 2010, to over $500 million in 2011 and close to $1 billion in 2013. The founders remain with the company with Niraj Shah as the Chief Executive Officer and Steve Conine as both the Chief Technology Officer and the Chairman.IPOThe company announced its intention to attempt to raise $350 million in an IPO in August 2014. The company also revealed mounting losses in the face of huge expenses. Though revenues have c ontinued to grow, this has been accompanied by a concurrent increase in operating expenses.The company’s IPO decision has been closely followed and the IPO itself one of the most anticipated ecommerce IPO’s of the year. The excitement was somewhat overshadowed by the Alibaba Group’s IPO announcement around the same time with the expectation that it will bring in close to $20 billion.At present, the co-founders own 57.8 percent of the shares in the company. After them, the private equity firm GreatHill Partners own 11.4 percent. HarbourVest and Battery Ventures own a little more than 7 percent and 6 percent each. These shareholders will continue to hold B class shares that afford the holder 10 times more power to vote than the A class shares that are in the works to be sold in the IPO.CultureThe company has managed to maintain a startup like culture throughout its growth and expansion. Teams are built for speed with open floor plans in offices. This setup is created with the in tention of encouraging a collaborative environment and openness. The co-founders, who hold top management positions also do not have their own offices, instead sitting among other employees.The dress code is relaxed with a mix of business casual and flip-flops. Work-life balance is strongly encouraged and advocated. The company has remained focused on the long term with sustained growth and expansion. This is supported by the culture in every way with the company backing its focus on culture with concrete actions and steps such as onsite yoga, daily ticket raffles for concerts, theatre and sports. There are also free snacks and games such as ping pong and foosball inside the office.Glassdoor ranked the company as the 19th best place to work in the United States in 2011 and the 18th best for work-life balance in 2012. BUSINESS MODEL KEY COMPONENTSProduct categoriesThe company sells home products in different ranges and categories. These are:Wayfair.com: The main brand name, this web site is the destination for millions of home based furniture, accessories and other products sold by thousands of suppliers.AllModern: This is the Wayfair business that sells home items in original modern designs.Birch Lane: Opposite to AllModern, Birch Lane is focused on classic and timeless furnishing and home accessories.DwellStudio: This online store sells modern furnishings and products that are trendy and fashion forward.Joss Main: This website is based on online flash sales that focus on inspiring home design on a daily basis.USPWayfair’s unique selling proposition has been the sheer volume of items sold through the website. Over 200 separate websites were amalgamated into the Wayfair umbrella. These were niche sites for individual categories of items such as rugs, crockery etc. each website had a multitude of suppliers offering different items in that category. All this adds up to millions of products on sale.Order FulfillmentThe company operates somewhat differently from other retail giants in how orders are fulfilled. Almost none of the stock is kept in company operated warehouses. Instead, items are shipped directly to the customer through the supplier themselves. Wayfair enables the suppliers to gain shipping discounts by availing its accounts with major shipping companies. What makes this system work is a series of algorithms that fulfill orders with a 98 percent success rate. This technology driven approach is vital given the company’s over 7000 suppliers and a detailed and elaborate supply chain.The system works through communication between suppliers and Wayfair. Information regarding current stock is either uploaded to the server or emailed to the company. The algorithm mentioned before goes through this data and picks up and potential red flags such a delays etc. it also stores relevant information about the items such as what is in stock and where it is at the moment. The same algorithm calculates shipping time and checks item availabil ity every time a customer browses through a page.Once the order is placed, a software is in place to send notifications to the supplier. The same system decides the best way to ship the item depending on its nature. When the item is sent, the system updates its progress to the Track My Order page for the customer. Wayfair CustomersThe website gets more than 11 million visitors every month. Most of these visitors are women between the ages of 35 and 65. The company has divided these visitors into two groups. The hunters and the gatherers. Hunters include those people who have come looking for something specific. Search engine optimization is what draws them to the website often as they search for a particular item. Typically, these people are on the lookout for the best price for their chosen product and Wayfair is just one stop in their search. They may spend about five minutes on the website.Gatherers on the other hand are basically window shopping. These people will spend anywhere from 10 minutes to several hours on the site, going through categories and products. They may be less driven by specific brands.LEARNING FROM WAYFAIR’S SUCCESS © Wikimedia commons | WayfairFormerly known as CSN Stores, Wayfair is an online retail giant dealing in home products, furniture and accessories. In this article, we will look at 1) what is Wayfair?, 2) business model and key components, and 3) learning from Wayfair’s success.WHAT IS WAYFAIR?The CompanyWayfair Inc, formerly known as CSN Stores, is a multinational ecommerce website. The US based company has headquarters in Boston, Massachusetts as well as warehouse and corporate offices in various locations in the United States as well as in Australia, Ireland, United Kingdom and Germany.The company began in 2002 as CSN Stores that sold limited furniture such as stereo racks and stands. Over the next few years, the site grew to become the largest online destination for home items such as furnishing as well as luggage, toys and pet related products. The site expanded from a single website to over 250 individual sites that sell a variety of items.Nearly ten years after the site was f ounded, the creators took the step to move all the sites to one destination and renamed it as Wayfair. This was in 2011 and by 2012 the annual revenue crossed $600 million with the site offering millions of products in different categories, styles and prices. As of 2013, the company features more than 7000 suppliers that offer over 7 million products through five distinct brands: Wayfair.com, AllModern, Birch Lane, DwellStudio and Joss Main.HistoryThe initial version of the Wayfair was created by two entrepreneurs, Niraj Shah and Steve Conine in 2002. The operation as a two person enterprise in Conine’s home in Boston. Both founders had degrees from Cornell University and had already had experience running two companies, Simplify Mobile and iXL.The website was named CSN Stores which was nothing more than a combination of their initials. The initial website was called rackandstands.com selling media stands and furniture for storage. In the following year, other items were added to the portfolio of products including patio and garden supplies. The websites grew from three employees to a dozen. The company continued to grow over the next two years with items such as home décor, office furniture, kitchen and dining furniture, home improvement goods, bed and bath products, luggage and lighting added to the catalogue.In 2006, the company made its first $1 million in sales. Over the next four years, the pace of growth continued both within the United States and outside. Overseas expansion began with shipping to Canada, selling in the United Kingdom and an office location in London. International expansion continued with Australia and Germany.In 2008, the company was named the fastest growing ecommerce company in Massachusetts by the Boston Business Journal and the fourth fastest overall. By 2010 the company had grown enough to move to a 10 floor office space and by 2011, over 200 online shops were covered under the CSN Stores umbrella. These shops were predominat ely niche stores that catered to specific interests or products such as cookware.com, strollers.com etc.At this point, Shah and Conine realized the need to unify into a single site and create a more focused entity. CSN was rebranded and launched as Wayfair in 2011 after a $165 million fundraising. The investment into the new brand and its expansion efforts came from four investment firms, Battery Ventures, Great Hill Partners, HarbourVest Partners and Spark Capital. All of the CSN Store websites were consolidated except Joss Main and AllModern. Wayfair acquired Wayfair supply, catering to business, government and institutional customers and DwellStudio, a New York City based design house and retailer.At present, Wayfair remains the largest online retailer for home products in the United States. Revenue has continued to increase from $380 million in 2010, to over $500 million in 2011 and close to $1 billion in 2013. The founders remain with the company with Niraj Shah as the Chief E xecutive Officer and Steve Conine as both the Chief Technology Officer and the Chairman.IPOThe company announced its intention to attempt to raise $350 million in an IPO in August 2014. The company also revealed mounting losses in the face of huge expenses. Though revenues have continued to grow, this has been accompanied by a concurrent increase in operating expenses.The company’s IPO decision has been closely followed and the IPO itself one of the most anticipated ecommerce IPO’s of the year. The excitement was somewhat overshadowed by the Alibaba Group’s IPO announcement around the same time with the expectation that it will bring in close to $20 billion.At present, the co-founders own 57.8 percent of the shares in the company. After them, the private equity firm GreatHill Partners own 11.4 percent. HarbourVest and Battery Ventures own a little more than 7 percent and 6 percent each. These shareholders will continue to hold B class shares that afford the holder 10 times mor e power to vote than the A class shares that are in the works to be sold in the IPO.CultureThe company has managed to maintain a startup like culture throughout its growth and expansion. Teams are built for speed with open floor plans in offices. This setup is created with the intention of encouraging a collaborative environment and openness. The co-founders, who hold top management positions also do not have their own offices, instead sitting among other employees.The dress code is relaxed with a mix of business casual and flip-flops. Work-life balance is strongly encouraged and advocated. The company has remained focused on the long term with sustained growth and expansion. This is supported by the culture in every way with the company backing its focus on culture with concrete actions and steps such as onsite yoga, daily ticket raffles for concerts, theatre and sports. There are also free snacks and games such as ping pong and foosball inside the office.Glassdoor ranked the compa ny as the 19th best place to work in the United States in 2011 and the 18th best for work-life balance in 2012. BUSINESS MODEL KEY COMPONENTSProduct categoriesThe company sells home products in different ranges and categories. These are:Wayfair.com: The main brand name, this website is the destination for millions of home based furniture, accessories and other products sold by thousands of suppliers.AllModern: This is the Wayfair business that sells home items in original modern designs.Birch Lane: Opposite to AllModern, Birch Lane is focused on classic and timeless furnishing and home accessories.DwellStudio: This online store sells modern furnishings and products that are trendy and fashion forward.Joss Main: This website is based on online flash sales that focus on inspiring home design on a daily basis.USPWayfair’s unique selling proposition has been the sheer volume of items sold through the website. Over 200 separate websites were amalgamated into the Wayfair umbrella. The se were niche sites for individual categories of items such as rugs, crockery etc. each website had a multitude of suppliers offering different items in that category. All this adds up to millions of products on sale.Order FulfillmentThe company operates somewhat differently from other retail giants in how orders are fulfilled. Almost none of the stock is kept in company operated warehouses. Instead, items are shipped directly to the customer through the supplier themselves. Wayfair enables the suppliers to gain shipping discounts by availing its accounts with major shipping companies. What makes this system work is a series of algorithms that fulfill orders with a 98 percent success rate. This technology driven approach is vital given the company’s over 7000 suppliers and a detailed and elaborate supply chain.The system works through communication between suppliers and Wayfair. Information regarding current stock is either uploaded to the server or emailed to the company. The alg orithm mentioned before goes through this data and picks up and potential red flags such a delays etc. it also stores relevant information about the items such as what is in stock and where it is at the moment. The same algorithm calculates shipping time and checks item availability every time a customer browses through a page.Once the order is placed, a software is in place to send notifications to the supplier. The same system decides the best way to ship the item depending on its nature. When the item is sent, the system updates its progress to the Track My Order page for the customer. Wayfair CustomersThe website gets more than 11 million visitors every month. Most of these visitors are women between the ages of 35 and 65. The company has divided these visitors into two groups. The hunters and the gatherers. Hunters include those people who have come looking for something specific. Search engine optimization is what draws them to the website often as they search for a particular item. Typically, these people are on the lookout for the best price for their chosen product and Wayfair is just one stop in their search. They may spend about five minutes on the website.Gatherers on the other hand are basically window shopping. These people will spend anywhere from 10 minutes to several hours on the site, going through categories and products. They may be less driven by specific brands.LEARNING FROM WAYFAIR’S SUCCESSKey Drivers for Sustainable Retail SuccessOne of the founders of Wayfair, Niraj Shah, shares his key drivers for sustainable, long term success in the world of online retailing. These are:Create a company that welcomes change: Shah emphasizes the importance of recognizing excellence among employees and promoting and rewarding based on merit. He also stresses the importance of bringing people together at work, making work rewarding, fun and interesting and getting people excited about the work. Shah says, “Hire smart people and let them use their b rain. Reward a smart risk taking, even when it fails, and encourage experimentation.”Make decisions with the end game in mind: According to Shah, “Know when to stick with your guns and when to adapt.” He underscores this statement with the example his company set when 200 plus stores were consolidated within one new name and a new, more memorable brand was created. The company lost traffic initially, which made the decision seem like a bad one in the short run since customer traffic is the force that drives the online business. Eventually though, the customers returned and the risky, yet strategic decision paid off.Always have a plan for what comes next: Some part of profits and time should always be invested into generating new ideas and strategic growth plans. An important aspect of this is to listen to the customers and really hear what they are saying. This focus on changing customer needs and trends is the best indicator of where the company needs to focus on next and wha t areas have opportunities that can be capitalized.Spend Efficiently: As the business expands, so do expenses. The key here is to make every attempt to keep these expenses under control while still continuing to drive growth. There should always be quick decisions and quick actions when change is needed, but every one of these decisions and actions should be justified by their return on investment.Celebrate Wins: Shah feels that it is necessary to take a minute to celebrate any wins as a company before moving on to the next task or goal. This is vital for employee engagement, morale and overall investment in the company.Be Tenacious: One of the Wayfair values is “we are never done.” This is focused on tenacity and that while something may be done well, it can be done even better.Build a Strong, Transparent Culture: The co-founders had a clear vision of what the company would look like in terms of culture. They wanted to create a culture based on transparency, access to informati on and open collaboration. There was a clear understanding that there should be no physical or virtual walls between people which block communication and foster individual thinking.Hire Smartly: There needs to be a clear understanding of what is important when hiring a new person. Someone with excellent skills in a specific area may not display many of the core values that would help them fit into the collaborative culture of the company. At Wayfair, the human traits such as team orientation, an innate brightness, and a collaborative and friendly approach are always prioritized over the skills.Employee ExperiencesLauren Arkema,  WayfairThe employees that are part of startups have unique insight into what goes on in the company and what drives them to through the journey. Lauren is part of Wayfair’s team and feels that the entrepreneurial spirit remains evident and contagious till this day. As the company values goes, we are never done and with expansions and growth, the company co ntinues to channel innovation and a startup mentality.Arkema mentions that responsibilities keep evolving over time and she has moved from adding products to microsites and answering customer calls to managing two different teams. She also travels for work and manages trade show booths meant for interior designers, contractors and architects.She feels that the key to this success has been that despite becoming an established corporate company and a more well recognized household name, the employees still feel the company is a startup where ideas are welcomed and encouraged from everyone and anyone’s suggestion can have an immediate impact.

Wayfair

Wayfair WHAT IS WAYFAIR?The CompanyWayfair Inc, formerly known as CSN Stores, is a multinational ecommerce website. The US based company has headquarters in Boston, Massachusetts as well as warehouse and corporate offices in various locations in the United States as well as in Australia, Ireland, United Kingdom and Germany.The company began in 2002 as CSN Stores that sold limited furniture such as stereo racks and stands. Over the next few years, the site grew to become the largest online destination for home items such as furnishing as well as luggage, toys and pet related products. The site expanded from a single website to over 250 individual sites that sell a variety of items.Nearly ten years after the site was founded, the creators took the step to move all the sites to one destination and renamed it as Wayfair. This was in 2011 and by 2012 the annual revenue crossed $600 million with the site offering millions of products in different categories, styles and prices. As of 2013, the comp any features more than 7000 suppliers that offer over 7 million products through five distinct brands: Wayfair.com, AllModern, Birch Lane, DwellStudio and Joss Main.HistoryThe initial version of the Wayfair was created by two entrepreneurs, Niraj Shah and Steve Conine in 2002. The operation as a two person enterprise in Conine’s home in Boston. Both founders had degrees from Cornell University and had already had experience running two companies, Simplify Mobile and iXL.The website was named CSN Stores which was nothing more than a combination of their initials. The initial website was called rackandstands.com selling media stands and furniture for storage. In the following year, other items were added to the portfolio of products including patio and garden supplies. The websites grew from three employees to a dozen. The company continued to grow over the next two years with items such as home décor, office furniture, kitchen and dining furniture, home improvement goods, bed and bath products, luggage and lighting added to the catalogue.In 2006, the company made its first $1 million in sales. Over the next four years, the pace of growth continued both within the United States and outside. Overseas expansion began with shipping to Canada, selling in the United Kingdom and an office location in London. International expansion continued with Australia and Germany.In 2008, the company was named the fastest growing ecommerce company in Massachusetts by the Boston Business Journal and the fourth fastest overall. By 2010 the company had grown enough to move to a 10 floor office space and by 2011, over 200 online shops were covered under the CSN Stores umbrella. These shops were predominately niche stores that catered to specific interests or products such as cookware.com, strollers.com etc.At this point, Shah and Conine realized the need to unify into a single site and create a more focused entity. CSN was rebranded and launched as Wayfair in 2011 after a $165 mi llion fundraising. The investment into the new brand and its expansion efforts came from four investment firms, Battery Ventures, Great Hill Partners, HarbourVest Partners and Spark Capital. All of the CSN Store websites were consolidated except Joss Main and AllModern. Wayfair acquired Wayfair supply, catering to business, government and institutional customers and DwellStudio, a New York City based design house and retailer.At present, Wayfair remains the largest online retailer for home products in the United States. Revenue has continued to increase from $380 million in 2010, to over $500 million in 2011 and close to $1 billion in 2013. The founders remain with the company with Niraj Shah as the Chief Executive Officer and Steve Conine as both the Chief Technology Officer and the Chairman.IPOThe company announced its intention to attempt to raise $350 million in an IPO in August 2014. The company also revealed mounting losses in the face of huge expenses. Though revenues have c ontinued to grow, this has been accompanied by a concurrent increase in operating expenses.The company’s IPO decision has been closely followed and the IPO itself one of the most anticipated ecommerce IPO’s of the year. The excitement was somewhat overshadowed by the Alibaba Group’s IPO announcement around the same time with the expectation that it will bring in close to $20 billion.At present, the co-founders own 57.8 percent of the shares in the company. After them, the private equity firm GreatHill Partners own 11.4 percent. HarbourVest and Battery Ventures own a little more than 7 percent and 6 percent each. These shareholders will continue to hold B class shares that afford the holder 10 times more power to vote than the A class shares that are in the works to be sold in the IPO.CultureThe company has managed to maintain a startup like culture throughout its growth and expansion. Teams are built for speed with open floor plans in offices. This setup is created with the in tention of encouraging a collaborative environment and openness. The co-founders, who hold top management positions also do not have their own offices, instead sitting among other employees.The dress code is relaxed with a mix of business casual and flip-flops. Work-life balance is strongly encouraged and advocated. The company has remained focused on the long term with sustained growth and expansion. This is supported by the culture in every way with the company backing its focus on culture with concrete actions and steps such as onsite yoga, daily ticket raffles for concerts, theatre and sports. There are also free snacks and games such as ping pong and foosball inside the office.Glassdoor ranked the company as the 19th best place to work in the United States in 2011 and the 18th best for work-life balance in 2012. BUSINESS MODEL KEY COMPONENTSProduct categoriesThe company sells home products in different ranges and categories. These are:Wayfair.com: The main brand name, this web site is the destination for millions of home based furniture, accessories and other products sold by thousands of suppliers.AllModern: This is the Wayfair business that sells home items in original modern designs.Birch Lane: Opposite to AllModern, Birch Lane is focused on classic and timeless furnishing and home accessories.DwellStudio: This online store sells modern furnishings and products that are trendy and fashion forward.Joss Main: This website is based on online flash sales that focus on inspiring home design on a daily basis.USPWayfair’s unique selling proposition has been the sheer volume of items sold through the website. Over 200 separate websites were amalgamated into the Wayfair umbrella. These were niche sites for individual categories of items such as rugs, crockery etc. each website had a multitude of suppliers offering different items in that category. All this adds up to millions of products on sale.Order FulfillmentThe company operates somewhat differently from other retail giants in how orders are fulfilled. Almost none of the stock is kept in company operated warehouses. Instead, items are shipped directly to the customer through the supplier themselves. Wayfair enables the suppliers to gain shipping discounts by availing its accounts with major shipping companies. What makes this system work is a series of algorithms that fulfill orders with a 98 percent success rate. This technology driven approach is vital given the company’s over 7000 suppliers and a detailed and elaborate supply chain.The system works through communication between suppliers and Wayfair. Information regarding current stock is either uploaded to the server or emailed to the company. The algorithm mentioned before goes through this data and picks up and potential red flags such a delays etc. it also stores relevant information about the items such as what is in stock and where it is at the moment. The same algorithm calculates shipping time and checks item availabil ity every time a customer browses through a page.Once the order is placed, a software is in place to send notifications to the supplier. The same system decides the best way to ship the item depending on its nature. When the item is sent, the system updates its progress to the Track My Order page for the customer. Wayfair CustomersThe website gets more than 11 million visitors every month. Most of these visitors are women between the ages of 35 and 65. The company has divided these visitors into two groups. The hunters and the gatherers. Hunters include those people who have come looking for something specific. Search engine optimization is what draws them to the website often as they search for a particular item. Typically, these people are on the lookout for the best price for their chosen product and Wayfair is just one stop in their search. They may spend about five minutes on the website.Gatherers on the other hand are basically window shopping. These people will spend anywhere from 10 minutes to several hours on the site, going through categories and products. They may be less driven by specific brands.LEARNING FROM WAYFAIR’S SUCCESS © Wikimedia commons | WayfairFormerly known as CSN Stores, Wayfair is an online retail giant dealing in home products, furniture and accessories. In this article, we will look at 1) what is Wayfair?, 2) business model and key components, and 3) learning from Wayfair’s success.WHAT IS WAYFAIR?The CompanyWayfair Inc, formerly known as CSN Stores, is a multinational ecommerce website. The US based company has headquarters in Boston, Massachusetts as well as warehouse and corporate offices in various locations in the United States as well as in Australia, Ireland, United Kingdom and Germany.The company began in 2002 as CSN Stores that sold limited furniture such as stereo racks and stands. Over the next few years, the site grew to become the largest online destination for home items such as furnishing as well as luggage, toys and pet related products. The site expanded from a single website to over 250 individual sites that sell a variety of items.Nearly ten years after the site was f ounded, the creators took the step to move all the sites to one destination and renamed it as Wayfair. This was in 2011 and by 2012 the annual revenue crossed $600 million with the site offering millions of products in different categories, styles and prices. As of 2013, the company features more than 7000 suppliers that offer over 7 million products through five distinct brands: Wayfair.com, AllModern, Birch Lane, DwellStudio and Joss Main.HistoryThe initial version of the Wayfair was created by two entrepreneurs, Niraj Shah and Steve Conine in 2002. The operation as a two person enterprise in Conine’s home in Boston. Both founders had degrees from Cornell University and had already had experience running two companies, Simplify Mobile and iXL.The website was named CSN Stores which was nothing more than a combination of their initials. The initial website was called rackandstands.com selling media stands and furniture for storage. In the following year, other items were added to the portfolio of products including patio and garden supplies. The websites grew from three employees to a dozen. The company continued to grow over the next two years with items such as home décor, office furniture, kitchen and dining furniture, home improvement goods, bed and bath products, luggage and lighting added to the catalogue.In 2006, the company made its first $1 million in sales. Over the next four years, the pace of growth continued both within the United States and outside. Overseas expansion began with shipping to Canada, selling in the United Kingdom and an office location in London. International expansion continued with Australia and Germany.In 2008, the company was named the fastest growing ecommerce company in Massachusetts by the Boston Business Journal and the fourth fastest overall. By 2010 the company had grown enough to move to a 10 floor office space and by 2011, over 200 online shops were covered under the CSN Stores umbrella. These shops were predominat ely niche stores that catered to specific interests or products such as cookware.com, strollers.com etc.At this point, Shah and Conine realized the need to unify into a single site and create a more focused entity. CSN was rebranded and launched as Wayfair in 2011 after a $165 million fundraising. The investment into the new brand and its expansion efforts came from four investment firms, Battery Ventures, Great Hill Partners, HarbourVest Partners and Spark Capital. All of the CSN Store websites were consolidated except Joss Main and AllModern. Wayfair acquired Wayfair supply, catering to business, government and institutional customers and DwellStudio, a New York City based design house and retailer.At present, Wayfair remains the largest online retailer for home products in the United States. Revenue has continued to increase from $380 million in 2010, to over $500 million in 2011 and close to $1 billion in 2013. The founders remain with the company with Niraj Shah as the Chief E xecutive Officer and Steve Conine as both the Chief Technology Officer and the Chairman.IPOThe company announced its intention to attempt to raise $350 million in an IPO in August 2014. The company also revealed mounting losses in the face of huge expenses. Though revenues have continued to grow, this has been accompanied by a concurrent increase in operating expenses.The company’s IPO decision has been closely followed and the IPO itself one of the most anticipated ecommerce IPO’s of the year. The excitement was somewhat overshadowed by the Alibaba Group’s IPO announcement around the same time with the expectation that it will bring in close to $20 billion.At present, the co-founders own 57.8 percent of the shares in the company. After them, the private equity firm GreatHill Partners own 11.4 percent. HarbourVest and Battery Ventures own a little more than 7 percent and 6 percent each. These shareholders will continue to hold B class shares that afford the holder 10 times mor e power to vote than the A class shares that are in the works to be sold in the IPO.CultureThe company has managed to maintain a startup like culture throughout its growth and expansion. Teams are built for speed with open floor plans in offices. This setup is created with the intention of encouraging a collaborative environment and openness. The co-founders, who hold top management positions also do not have their own offices, instead sitting among other employees.The dress code is relaxed with a mix of business casual and flip-flops. Work-life balance is strongly encouraged and advocated. The company has remained focused on the long term with sustained growth and expansion. This is supported by the culture in every way with the company backing its focus on culture with concrete actions and steps such as onsite yoga, daily ticket raffles for concerts, theatre and sports. There are also free snacks and games such as ping pong and foosball inside the office.Glassdoor ranked the compa ny as the 19th best place to work in the United States in 2011 and the 18th best for work-life balance in 2012. BUSINESS MODEL KEY COMPONENTSProduct categoriesThe company sells home products in different ranges and categories. These are:Wayfair.com: The main brand name, this website is the destination for millions of home based furniture, accessories and other products sold by thousands of suppliers.AllModern: This is the Wayfair business that sells home items in original modern designs.Birch Lane: Opposite to AllModern, Birch Lane is focused on classic and timeless furnishing and home accessories.DwellStudio: This online store sells modern furnishings and products that are trendy and fashion forward.Joss Main: This website is based on online flash sales that focus on inspiring home design on a daily basis.USPWayfair’s unique selling proposition has been the sheer volume of items sold through the website. Over 200 separate websites were amalgamated into the Wayfair umbrella. The se were niche sites for individual categories of items such as rugs, crockery etc. each website had a multitude of suppliers offering different items in that category. All this adds up to millions of products on sale.Order FulfillmentThe company operates somewhat differently from other retail giants in how orders are fulfilled. Almost none of the stock is kept in company operated warehouses. Instead, items are shipped directly to the customer through the supplier themselves. Wayfair enables the suppliers to gain shipping discounts by availing its accounts with major shipping companies. What makes this system work is a series of algorithms that fulfill orders with a 98 percent success rate. This technology driven approach is vital given the company’s over 7000 suppliers and a detailed and elaborate supply chain.The system works through communication between suppliers and Wayfair. Information regarding current stock is either uploaded to the server or emailed to the company. The alg orithm mentioned before goes through this data and picks up and potential red flags such a delays etc. it also stores relevant information about the items such as what is in stock and where it is at the moment. The same algorithm calculates shipping time and checks item availability every time a customer browses through a page.Once the order is placed, a software is in place to send notifications to the supplier. The same system decides the best way to ship the item depending on its nature. When the item is sent, the system updates its progress to the Track My Order page for the customer. Wayfair CustomersThe website gets more than 11 million visitors every month. Most of these visitors are women between the ages of 35 and 65. The company has divided these visitors into two groups. The hunters and the gatherers. Hunters include those people who have come looking for something specific. Search engine optimization is what draws them to the website often as they search for a particular item. Typically, these people are on the lookout for the best price for their chosen product and Wayfair is just one stop in their search. They may spend about five minutes on the website.Gatherers on the other hand are basically window shopping. These people will spend anywhere from 10 minutes to several hours on the site, going through categories and products. They may be less driven by specific brands.LEARNING FROM WAYFAIR’S SUCCESSKey Drivers for Sustainable Retail SuccessOne of the founders of Wayfair, Niraj Shah, shares his key drivers for sustainable, long term success in the world of online retailing. These are:Create a company that welcomes change: Shah emphasizes the importance of recognizing excellence among employees and promoting and rewarding based on merit. He also stresses the importance of bringing people together at work, making work rewarding, fun and interesting and getting people excited about the work. Shah says, “Hire smart people and let them use their b rain. Reward a smart risk taking, even when it fails, and encourage experimentation.”Make decisions with the end game in mind: According to Shah, “Know when to stick with your guns and when to adapt.” He underscores this statement with the example his company set when 200 plus stores were consolidated within one new name and a new, more memorable brand was created. The company lost traffic initially, which made the decision seem like a bad one in the short run since customer traffic is the force that drives the online business. Eventually though, the customers returned and the risky, yet strategic decision paid off.Always have a plan for what comes next: Some part of profits and time should always be invested into generating new ideas and strategic growth plans. An important aspect of this is to listen to the customers and really hear what they are saying. This focus on changing customer needs and trends is the best indicator of where the company needs to focus on next and wha t areas have opportunities that can be capitalized.Spend Efficiently: As the business expands, so do expenses. The key here is to make every attempt to keep these expenses under control while still continuing to drive growth. There should always be quick decisions and quick actions when change is needed, but every one of these decisions and actions should be justified by their return on investment.Celebrate Wins: Shah feels that it is necessary to take a minute to celebrate any wins as a company before moving on to the next task or goal. This is vital for employee engagement, morale and overall investment in the company.Be Tenacious: One of the Wayfair values is “we are never done.” This is focused on tenacity and that while something may be done well, it can be done even better.Build a Strong, Transparent Culture: The co-founders had a clear vision of what the company would look like in terms of culture. They wanted to create a culture based on transparency, access to informati on and open collaboration. There was a clear understanding that there should be no physical or virtual walls between people which block communication and foster individual thinking.Hire Smartly: There needs to be a clear understanding of what is important when hiring a new person. Someone with excellent skills in a specific area may not display many of the core values that would help them fit into the collaborative culture of the company. At Wayfair, the human traits such as team orientation, an innate brightness, and a collaborative and friendly approach are always prioritized over the skills.Employee ExperiencesLauren Arkema,  WayfairThe employees that are part of startups have unique insight into what goes on in the company and what drives them to through the journey. Lauren is part of Wayfair’s team and feels that the entrepreneurial spirit remains evident and contagious till this day. As the company values goes, we are never done and with expansions and growth, the company co ntinues to channel innovation and a startup mentality.Arkema mentions that responsibilities keep evolving over time and she has moved from adding products to microsites and answering customer calls to managing two different teams. She also travels for work and manages trade show booths meant for interior designers, contractors and architects.She feels that the key to this success has been that despite becoming an established corporate company and a more well recognized household name, the employees still feel the company is a startup where ideas are welcomed and encouraged from everyone and anyone’s suggestion can have an immediate impact.

Sample Persuasive Speech - 1321 Words

Credit Card Debt ATTENTION GAINER: I am going to need some audience participation. Everyone take a $5, $10, or $20 dollar bill out. How many of you are willing to rip your money up? You probably wouldn’t do it and think this is crazy, but we throw money away like this in the name of our car, television, or shoes every month. Let me give you an example. SIGNIFICANCE (ATLEAST 1 SOURCE): Let’s say you owe $1000 on your credit card and you have a minimum payment due of $25 and you are being charged 19% interest. How long do you think it would take you to pay it off by just making the minimum payments? The answer is 7 years according to the February 2005 issue of University Wire. And for the first year you†¦show more content†¦Although the banks never checked to see if he would be able to pay his debts they still offered him more and more money. Once his limits grew he was able to spend more, which caused his payments to increase as well. Why did he have so many credit cards? Well, what he was doing was taking out new cards in order to pay off others. As time when on, he started receiving numerous letters and telephone calls threatening legal action. Unfortunately he didn’t see a way out of this out of control debt and decided to end his life as evidenced by the February 2005 issue of Daily Mail. TRANSITION: Now that you have a better understanding of the risky business of owning credit cards, let us examine who is to blame? CAUSE (ATLEAST 2 SOURCES): First, we must blame ourselves for letting this debt build up. It’s so easy to just say â€Å"charge it† and deal with the money later. It’s so much more convenient to use a credit card then using our cash. In the April 2005 issue of University Wire, Dr. James Roberts conducted a study about the spending habits of students around the country. He found that students who used credit cards to pay for their books weren’t able to tell within $30, $40, or even $50 dollars of how much they spent compared to the students who used cash and were able to tell within a few dollars how much theyShow MoreRelatedUse And Manipulation Of The English Language1394 Words   |  6 Pagesof grammar and incorporating complex sentences and a wide range of vocabulary. In addition, the manipulation of the English language in writing and speaking, with the use of figurative language and compositional techniques, makes the writing more persuasive. Speaking properly and e ffectively will change the way we talk and will change the way people will listen to us. By displaying knowledge and skill towards the widely accepted language, we make our speaking and writing more impactful, gaining authorityRead MorePlastic Surgery2826 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Due Date: Persuasive Outline and Speech Presentation: Due in Dropbox (Outline) and on YouTube (Video) on or before TUESDAY, October 15, 2013 (11:50PM) Assignment Details: Purpose and Information: The persuasive speech is deliberative. It employs emotion, credibility, and logic to convince an audience that a narrowly defined action is beneficial. The persuasive proposition (thesis) is generally supported by two to three main ideas which employ about two to three pieces of evidence each.Read MoreTreatment Plans And Interventions For Depression And Anxiety Disorders : An Article Analysis721 Words   |  3 Pagescharacteristic of many or even only some. When someone makes a generalized statement about a group of people that is not true or supported then they are making a logical error. It is vital when studying a group of people you have a sample that is representative of the population, and the sample question is valid. One generalization made in the argument is the expansive use of trigger warnings may also foster unhealthy mental habits in the vastly larger group of students who do not suffer from PTSD or other anxietyRead MorePersuasive Speech Essays1752 Words   |  8 Pag esPersuasive Speech Assignment (Total 100 points) I. Speech Performance (80 points) 1. Your speech should be based on a question of policy which solves a controversial problem (of national importance) and to persuade your audience that your solution is the best possible one (Please see the attached â€Å"Possible Persuasive Speech Topics based on Questions of Policy†--however, you do not have to select one of these topics if you have better idea. It is just for your reference). 2. SpeechRead MorePersuasion Is The Process, And Motivation1322 Words   |  6 PagesPersuasive Speech â€Å"Persuasion is the process, and motivation is the compelling stimulus that encourages your audience to change their beliefs or behavior, to adopt your position, or to consider your arguments, (McLean, 2012)†. Persuasion is an act or process of presenting arguments to move, motivate, or change your audience,†. This involve observation of available means in a public speaking for persuasion, for remember persuading my husband to buy a car for my 40th birthday even that’s not he wantsRead MorePublic Speaking Reflection898 Words   |  4 Pages Like some people, public speaking is not my forte. When I enrolled in speech communication class, I believed that this class will be a great opportunity for me to improve on one of my biggest weaknesses, and at the end, which I believe has successfully improved on. From delivering the speeches in class and also being a listener to speeches of other members of the class has been an interesting experience. When I initially began this class, I had little knowledge on what is in store aside from thatRead MoreInformative Speech : Product Testing On Animals785 Words   |  4 PagesTYPE OF SPEECH: Persuasive Speech Topic: Product testing on animals Purpose Statement: Keep from testing cosmetics on animals. Thesis Statement: Animals are forced to try products. From forced eating to wearing l oreal makeup. Organizational Pattern: Problem- Solution --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Introduction Attention Getter (Capture): Have you ever wished for a rabbit or a guinea pig? Motivate: Most of theRead MoreThe Effects Of Propaganda On Women s Rights1679 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Honorary Chairperson of the United States delegation to the conference, she gave the speech, Women s Rights Are Human Rights in the first few days during a special Plenary Session. In the speech, she utilized several persuasive techniques, also known as propaganda, grasping people s attention in order to achieve support for the claim of the women s rights she was devoted to. Propaganda is usually a speech device that people intently use to induce or intensify others actions and attitudesRead MoreThe World Could A Person Figure Out Why An Author1213 Words   |  5 Pagescategories used to organize the reasons why author’s write. In most cases, authors write to inform, entertain, or persuade the reader. Take a look at the information in the chart below to learn more about these three categories. Purpose Typical Genres Sample of Text Inform – to teach the readers something they may not already know encyclopedias reference texts essays or articles instructions or directions biographies The rotation of the Earth is gradually slowing. The result is a lengthening of daysRead MoreDisaster Management Speech : Background And Context963 Words   |  4 PagesDISASTER MANAGEMENT SPEECH Background and Context: I am assuming a scenario where the Chief of the medical board is addressing a press conference. The speech would be delivered at the office of the medical director; the US and Iowa flag visible in the background. The rhetorical situation of the speech would be primarily assuring the citizens of the Polk County that the root cause of the endemic has been spotted, sales of the particular candy stalled for the time and they are fully prepared counter

Is The Civil War Over - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1193 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/05/18 Category History Essay Level High school Topics: Civil War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? Wars have been happening existing since the beginning of humanity. The 20th century includes many major wars since the beginning of time which are the two world wars and many other wars which resulted in millions of deaths. The second world war alone resulted in 60 million casualties (Berthon). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Is The Civil War Over?" essay for you Create order In addition, the 20th century also includes the Lebanese civil war (1975) which started when the Israel government sent thousands of refugees to Lebanon, and that resulted in a dilemma between the Christians and the Palestinians on Lebanese soil(citation). However, that is only one of the reasons that led to the war. Wars usually start after piling up many problems and conflicts. The Muslims became allies with the Palestinians which resulted in the separation of Beirut, between East and West. The Eastern part of Lebanon was occupied by the Christians and the Western part of Lebanon was occupied by the Muslims. This war resulted in dividing Lebanon into 18 sects creating many unsolved political conflicts. This civil war has had and still has a big impact (directly and indirectly) on the Lebanese families. Hence, this essay aims to shed some light on the effect of the Lebanese civil war on my mother and the rest of the citizens, socially, psychologically, and economically. My mother Wafaa was born in an area in Mount Lebanon called Abey on November 28, 1964, 11 years before the Lebanese civil war begun. She has four older sisters and one younger brother. Her father, the owner of a furniture gallery in Beirut and her mother, a housewife that took care of her children. My mother and her siblings risked their lives to get an education even while living in a country was under attack. There were days, where they had to miss school due to the exacerbation of the situation in the city of Beirut. During the war, dozens of the Palestinians took refuge in the entrance of my grandparents building, leaving my mother and her family scared every time they wanted to enter or exit the building. In Lebanon, every building has an underground safe house, and thats where they hid most of the time. Some days, they got stuck in the safe house for a long period of time that could last up to days. The war had a huge impact on my mother, it made her a stronger person. This war hit the whole society, many people dropped out of school to join armed forces, the level of education decreased, public transports also decreased, degradation of public health services, increase of drug and alcohol abuse, and last but not least, increase of suicide rate. In addition, there were days where water was not found, had to be bought for basic necessities like shower and laundry. Adding to that, the electricity would go out most of the time leaving them with candles as their only source of light. Moreover, citizen who owned a car had to wait sometimes for hours so that they can refill their tanks because they dont know when the gas stations are going to run out fuel. Dividing Lebanon between East and West had a big impact on peoples lives. Each side had their own businesses like schools, beaches, and shopping centers. Muslims lived in the west part of Beirut, they had hotels, restaurants, and a shopping boulevard like Hamra and Mazraa. They also had schools and universities that stayed open, and foreign embassies did not change their location from West Beirut. Renting an apartment got twelve times more expensive than before the war, and people could not afford it. East Beirut was occupied by the Christians. It was a residential area with apartments and a house for the middle and working-class people. The east side got destroyed by the bombings and shooting. The social life was not popular in the west Beirut. My mother and siblings used to cross the borders to watch movies and get their groceries. People on the East side of Beirut where not allowed cross the borders, so my mother had to cross the border every time she wanted to see her Christian f riends. The war also had an impact on people in a psychological manner. Many people lost their loved ones during the war which left them full of rage and ready for revenge. In addition, many individuals experienced traumatic events such as having someone put a gun to your head or your loved ones head. Not to forget the rape that was happening during the war and the torture that messed up peoples lives. Moreover, many friends and families got separated especially when they built borders between the East side of Beirut and the West side. This separation created tension and hate between Christians and Muslims, which did not end when the war ended. Moreover, during the war my mothers uncle got shot in the shoulder right in front of her. She was frightened and had a breakdown and kept having nightmares for a while; she had some days where she wakes up screaming in the middle of the night. She was only 18 years old when this happened. In addition, the war had many other implications on citizens me ntal health. Many citizens experienced traumas which caused depression, anxiety, difficulty sleeping, becoming overprotective parents, anger etc. The war has not only affected my mother and all the people that experienced this war but also myself and the rest of people who were born after the war ended. That is because it is still affect the country politically, and because of how our parents fear of wars affected us. Finally, the economy in Lebanon dropped tremendously during the civil war. After the invasion of Israel in 1982, the Lebanese Pound began to decline, that was due to the political instability and regional recession of oil-producing countries. The Pound dropped by 80 percent against the dollar, which made it difficult for the citizens to pay their rents, buy food, and get health insurance (Nakhoul). However, many foreign funding was entering the country in huge amounts to fund the rebels or the opposition movement (the different militias in Lebanon). Moreover, during the first 19 months of the war (1975-1976), the country witnessed a widespread destruction of the infrastructure and services, especially in Beirut (https://countrystudies.us/lebanon/69.htm) As a conclusion, people say that the civil war is over, and that it has not affect the citizens anymore. However, that is not true, the civil war still affects ever Lebanese citizen whether they were born during the war or not. This war has created 18 political sects in Lebanon, which created many political conflicts and hate among citizens. Each sect is greedy to have as many spots as possible in the Parliament or the Ministry. For instance, a few years ago Lebanon did not have a president for two years because of the disagreement among politicians. The civil war destroyed Lebanon in many ways, it left unrecoverable scares in peoples hearts, and thousands of people died and lost their homes. Up until today, these political conflicts have not end, and the people of Lebanon are still living the consequences of the war and nothing has been done to fix it.

Present Status of Women Entrepreneurship in India

IMPACT OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS ON SOCIETY PRESENT STATUS, GROWTH AND IMPACT OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS Abstract Women constitute around half of the total world population. So is in India also. They are therefore, regarded as the better half of the society. In traditional societies they were confined to the four walls of houses performing house hold activities. In modern society they have come out of the four walls to participate in all sort of activities. The Indian women are no more treated as beautiful showpieces. They are also enjoying the fruit of globalization marking an influence on the domestic and international sphere. They have carved a niche for themselves in the male dominated world. Indian women well manage both burden of work†¦show more content†¦The family members and the society are reluctant to stand beside their entrepreneurial growth. To a certain extent, this situation is changing among Indian women and yet to face a tremendous change to increase the rate of growth in entrepreneurship. b) Socio-cultural barriers – Women’s family and personal obligations are sometimes a great barrier for succeeding in business career. Only few women are able to manage both home and business efficiently, devoting enough time to perform all their responsibilities in priority c) Market-oriented risks – Stiff competition in the market and lack of mobility of women make the dependence of women entrepreneurs on middleman indispensable. They are not fully aware of the changing market conditions and hence can effectively utilize the services of media and internet. d) Knowledge in Business Administration – Women must be educated and trained constantly to acquire the skills and knowledge in all the functional areas of business management. This can facilitate women to excel in decision making process and develop a good business network e) Awareness about the financial assistance – Various institutions in the financial sector extend their maximum support in the form of incentives, loans, schemes etc. Even then every woman entrepreneur may not be aware of all the assistance provided by the institutions. f) Identifying the available resources – Women are hesitant to find outShow MoreRelatedNeed Of The Study Of Women1492 Words   |  6 PagesNEED OF THE STUDY Women-owned enterprises contribute 3.09 percent of industrial output and employ over 8 million people. Approximately, 78 percent of women enterprises belong to the services sector. Women entrepreneurship is largely skewed towards smaller sized firms, as almost 98 percent of women-owned businesses are micro-enterprises. As with the broader MSME sector, access to formal finance is a key barrier to the growth of women-owned businesses, leading to over 90 percent of finance requirementsRead MoreWhy Women Empowerment And Entrepreneurs1421 Words   |  6 PagesWhy women empowerment and entrepreneurs Swami Vivekananda, one of the greatest sons of India, quoted that, â€Å"There is no chance for the welfare of the world unless the condition of women is improved, It is not possible for a bird to fly on only one wing. † Therefore, inclusion of â€Å"Women Empowerment’ as one of the prime goals in the eight Millennium Development Goals underscores the relevance of this fact. Thus, in order to achieve the status of a developed country, India needs to transform its colossalRead MoreWomen Empowerment Through Entrepreneurship3066 Words   |  13 PagesAbstract: Entrepreneurship is the future of the modern society. They are the driving forces behind Indian economy. Entrepreneurs are people who come out with an new ideas , innovations , do things, which are not generally done in the ordinary course of a business. Empowerment of women entrepreneur is an new mantra for development of economy. The present paper focuses mainly women entrepreneur ,they still represent a minority of all entrepreneurs. It is observed that women entrepreneur networksRead MoreIssues and Challenges for Women Entrepreneurs in India3420 Words   |  14 PagesCHALLENGES FOR WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN INDIA S. BALASUBRAMANYAM* Abstract More than ever before, Change is the only constant in life, especially so in industry, and as a consequence, tremendous opportunities are opening up for women entrepreneurs. It is true that the presence of women entrepreneurs is very low in India, but you can look at it as another great opportunity riding on this all-pervasive change – and not as an obstacle toughening the entry barrier further for women in industry. 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Organization Strategies Essay Sample free essay sample

Given the complex nature and competitory environment under which modern organisations operate. the manner frontward for organisation is to follow schemes. methods and patterns which enable them to be in front of their rivals. Organizational alteration may be necessitated by force per unit area from exterior or within the organisation the organisation avoids elements like struggle which as been a job to many organisations. Besides other jobs includes: existing processs which have become irrelevant. bing constructions which are excessively stiff. hence the demand for flexible constructions. cetralised system of authorization which is no longer effectual after major organisation growing and enlargement. negative work attitudes by workers which needs to be changed through new policies. regulations and processs. bing engineering which may be disused and many more. Other forces can be external forces. these may include: forces of competition. for case. competition altering their schemes an d other methods of operation. . economic forces such as hapless economic public presentation may necessitate new cost film editing steps. political and legal forces such as transition of new Torahs by the authorities. Economic liberalisation policy which no longer affords protection to local houses may necessitate them to follow new methods in merchandise schemes in order to stay competitory in the face of the inflow of foreign goods. Organizational acquisition has been proposed as a cardinal strategic procedure and the lone sustainable competitory advantage of the hereafter A ( Armstrong 1999 ) . It needs strategic leading at the top for it to a houses outcomes as a consequence of the determinations they are empowered to do and because. finally. they account for what happens to the organisation is that of a interior decorator. instructor and steward. who can construct a shared vision and can dispute predominating mental theoretical accounts. He is responsible for edifice organisations where people are continually spread outing their capablenesss to determine the hereafter. Ultimately. leaders are responsible for larning in their organisations. The cardinal ingredient of larning organisation is ho w organisations process their managerial experience. Learning organisation directors learn from their experiences instead than being bounded by their past experiences. Managerial patterns in larning organisations encourage. acknowledge and honor: openness. systematic thought. creativeness a sense of efficaciousness and empathy. They use experience as a beginning to heighten future public presentation through acquisition. The descriptions of a learning organisation are every bit divergent as there are bookmans on the topic. Work and learn ( 1995 ) . specify a learning organisation as one that continually improves the organisation by quickly making and polishing the capablenesss required for future success. Senegal ( 1990 ) . defines the learning organisation as an organisation that is continually spread outing to make its hereafter. He farther asserts that they are organisations where people continually expand their capacity to make the consequences they genuinely desire. where people continually learn to larn together. where people continually detecting how they can alter it. where new and expensive forms of thought are nurtured and where corporate aspirations set free. He concludes that the organisations that will truly excel in the hereafter are those that detect how to larn at all degrees within the organisation. Harmonizing to Garvin ( 1993 ) . a learning organisation is one skilled at making. geting and transforming cognition and modifying its behaviour to reflect the new cognition and penetrations. He suggests five features a learning organisation ought to exhibit ; Systematic job resolution: Where systems and policies which guarantee that the acquisition takes topographic point by design and non by opportunity are put in topographic point. Therefore really orderly and scientific methods of probe. utilizing facts informations and statically tools for analysis when work outing jobs should be employed Experiment: which involves the systematic hunt for and proving of new cognition into merchandises and consistently seeking new thoughts. these experiments may either be par of uninterrupted activities which are designed to bring forth a steady flow of thoughts from many beginnings. or specific pilot undertakings with a specific clip frame. Learning from past experience: when an organisation recognizes the importance of its history and taps into it for less lessons teach courage’s direction to larn organize the experiences gained from past failure or success. This procedure is called the: Santayana organisation recognizes importance Santayana who coined the phrase ; †Those who can non retrieve the yesteryear are condemned to reiterate it. † Sometimes. the most powerful penetrations come from looking into the past and outside one’s immediate environment to derive new positions. Learning signifiers others: where an organisation encourages believing outside the box and patterns benchmarking with the best in its category or the best in the industry. In order for it to be unfastened to new Ideas. the learning organisation cultivates the art of unfastened and attentive hearing Transfering cognition throughout the organisation is put in topographic point. All agencies of communicating are utilized to distribute the range of cognition in the organisation in order to guarantee that the generated cognition in the organisation is shared right throughout the organisation and inducements are put in topographic point to honor successful application of acquired cognition and that all thoughts are tried and implemented Organizational acquisition is a recent phenomenon. It was introduced into organisation theory and literature about twenty old ages ago. The impression of organisational acquisition became more marked in the 1990’s although Garat ( 1999 ) sees it as â€Å"an old thought that has come of age† to assist organisation construct argues that to to the full work chances created by alteration and use all the human resources at its disposal. an organisation should be geared. Learning differs basically from the traditional organisation. Owing to the dynamic nature of an organization’s civilization. certain elements need to be entrenched in order to ease the development and care of a learning civilization within the organisation. Flat organisational construction: Senge ( 1994. noted that larning organisations are trying to reorganise around horizontal procedures that cut across traditional maps. A greater degree of inter-dependence is needed in which people are required to l arn together irrespective of the hierarchy. In larning organisations. bureaucratic constructions and systems are eroded to the benefit of clients and employees. Open communicating. there is unfastened and honest communicating. Persons who speak out about things that are non working good are recognized for their parts. Teamwork: Teams and the persons take parting as members thereof are the most of import units of the learning organisation. Real larning takes topographic point in squads where squad members learn from each other and from their accomplishments and errors. They continuously learn how they can optimism’s their part towards accomplishing the ends and aims of the concern at big. Divine leading: Learning can non be in an organisation without the committedness and leading of its senior directors who should put the illustration by going scholars themselves and divine leader is person who can travel the organisation towards the sort of civilization. systems and patterns that are needed to back up the acquisition organisation. Peoples oriented: Learning organisations seek to incorporate undertaking and people factors. These organisations are besides people-oriented and the demands of people are continuously identified and schemes developed to suitably run into these demands. The directors of larning organisations realize that employees. as internal clients. should be satisfied first before the demands of external clients can be addressed expeditiously and efficaciously. Innovation. alteration and external focal point: Learning organisations thrive on alteration and the chances it generates. A originative organisational civilization encourages invention. alteratio n. uninterrupted betterment and strong external focal point. Learning organisations are extremely externally focused. They continuously study their rivals and other organisations. both locally and abroad. in order to larn from industry tendencies and developments. An external focal point is expected. which in bend requires benchmarking. networking and information sharing on a broad graduated table. Learning chances: Learning organisations encourage larning at all degrees of the company. Appropriate acquisition chances are created to heighten corporate acquisition and employee development. Braham ( 1995 ) . stations that n larning organisations. the preparation section is non the primary beginning of larning chances. Alternatively. all the systems of work. every undertaking or procedure. every individual in the organisation. all become possible beginnings of acquisition. Action and consequences oriented: Learning organisations provide chances for employees to instantly use accomplishments in order to accomplish betterment in their public presentation. Customer oriented: Learning organisations are pro-active in guaranting that all employees are externally client oriented. most of the acquisition that takes topographic point revolves around larning more about client demands and implementing systems and methods to better client satisfaction. Requirements for constructing a acquisit ion organisation the successful organisation of the hereafter will be made up of people who demand originative. contributing and disputing working environments. The ocean trip of find lies non in happening new landscapes but seeing it with new eyes. The five subjects set Forth by Senge ( 1990 ) . as being nucleus and indispensable in constructing a acquisition organisation are: personal command. mental theoretical accounts. squad edifice and squad acquisition. shared vision and system thought. personal command: Personal command is what Senge describes as one of the nucleus subjects needed to construct a learning organisation. Personal command applies to single acquisition as Senge asserts that organisations can non larn until their members begin to larn. Personal command goes beyond competency and accomplishments and refers to people who are continually spread outing their ability to make the consequences they truly seek in their lives. Mental theoretical accounts: This is one manner of looking at the It’s a frame work for the cognitive procedures of our. In other words ; it determines how we think and act. Mental theoretical accounts are the procedures of proving and polishing the premises and theories that guide action and acquisition. Team edifice and squad acquisition: In larning organisations. the squad is considered to be a cardinal acquisition factor which should be in the organisation. Team acquisition is the cardinal procedure of alining and developing the capacity of a squad to make the consequences its members genuinely desire. It builds on the demand to develop a shared vision. Decision Knowledge. acquired through uninterrupted acquisition. is a necessary and sustainable beginning of competitory advantage in an epoch characterized by volatility. rapid alteration and uncertainness in the dynamic concern environment. It is claimed that successful companies are those that constituently create new cognition and circulate it throughout the organisation in order to incarnate it in engineerings. merchandises and services. Learning has become a manner of life for universe category organisations. The construct of a learning organisation is about a paradigm displacement in pull offing organisations. In this epoch of increasing competition. globalisation. uninterrupted alteration every bit good as mutuality. the traditional ways of direction can non last. A learning organisation gives new positions and empowers persons in every subdivision of the organisation to believe loosely and out of the box. All these factors have created a concern universe that rewards organisations that are capable of larning from altering tendencies and reacting suitably and quickly to them. Mention 1 ) Cole. A. Principles and pattern of direction

Tinbergen’s Four Questions Regarding Orca Behaviour free essay sample

The type of communication used to transmit information is closely related to the animal’s lifestyle and environment. This can be seen in most terrestrial mammals which are nocturnal so use olfactory and auditory which work as well in the dark as they do during the day. Visual communication would be relatively ineffective in this lifestyle. In contrast humans are diurnal and use primarily visual and auditory signals for communication, but miss many chemical cues which many other mammals base their behaviour upon. Marine mammals often need to communicate great distances, and the water does not support visual cues over great distance. This is why whales and dolphins use primarily auditory signals. Auditory signals can travel great distances and travel four and a half times faster in water than in air (Ford, 1984). Killer whales or Orca (Orcinus orca) are very social dolphins and live in pods often consisting of family members from between four up to fifty for residential whales while transient pods normally are only between two and five animals (Ford, 1989). We will write a custom essay sample on Tinbergen’s Four Questions Regarding Orca Behaviour or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These pods communicate with each other by use of echolocation clicks, tonal whistles and pulsed calls (Deecke et al. , 2000). The three main noises have very different uses from each other. Clicks can either be produced as a single click or produced in rapid succession. Single clicks are generally used for navigation and collection of clicks and whistles are thought to be used for communication amongst members of the pod. Pulses are believed, with the assistance of single clicks, to be the method used by orcas to distinguish objects and discriminate prey (Barrett-Lennard et al. 1996). Residential orcas feed on fish, and can be frequently heard communicating with the clicks, whistles and calls because the fish have very poor hearing abilities (Wilson, 2002). The vocal behaviour of transient killer whales is quite different with the vocal communication consisting of occasional clicks and pulses (Deecke et al. , 2000). The only occasion where transient orcas display significant amounts of vocal activity is when they are active on the surface or recently after a kill. The reasons for this reduction of noise could be due to many factors which can be seen in other species interactions and behaviour. Using ‘Tinbergen’s four questions’, I will explain what necessity for this behaviour and what the origins of the silent behaviour may have been. Tinbergen’s Four Questions In 1963 Nikolaas Tinbergen published a paper â€Å"On aims and methods of ethology†. In this paper he discussed how he believed any question regarding animal behaviour should be broken down into four different questions. These four questions could be divided into two categories, evolutionary (ultimate) explanations and proximate explanations. The evolutionary explanations, which refer to the population, include evolution or phylogenetic determinants and survival value or adaptive significance. The phylogenetic determinants refer to all evolutionary explanations which are not covered by adaptive significance. These may include random processes including mutation and changes in the environment which could have impacts on the population resulting in a specific behaviour adaptation. The adaptive significance closely follows Charles Darwin’s work on natural selection where it is explained that an animal’s form has been altered to function better in the habitat and resulting in a increase in fitness for the individual. The proximate explanations are focused with dealing in terms of the individual as opposed to the population. The two different individual questions proposed by Tinbergen relate to causation and ontogeny. The causation for a display of behaviour relates to the mechanics of the body and which stimuli provides a cue for the animal to display this behaviour. Included in causation is control of hormones, motor control, central-nervous-system control and the ability to process the information obtained through senses. Ontogeny relates to the development of an individual, from conception til death. This may include a experience or a environmental factor which occurs and changes the behaviour of the animal, including learned behaviour from another individual. Causation ? Figure 1: An illustration of sound generation, propagation and reception in a killer whale. (WhalesB. C. com) The nasopharyngeal anatomy of cetaceans is strongly modified comparing with terrestrial mammals. They have one impair respiratory hole at the top of the head. It is closed near the surface by dense musculocutaneous crimps arranged so, that the salient of one of them enters into the dimple of another. They form a peculiar lock preventing the water from penetrating into respiratory tract. Above the skull around of nose passage there is a system of pneumatic sacs, connected with nose passage (Barrett-Lennard et al. , 1996). In 1964 A. V. Jablokov supposed that sounds could be produced by forcing air through these nasal sacs. Air is forced past a set of finely striated muscular plugs or lips that vibrate or slap against each other as the lips are forced apart by the stream of air and then slapped shut by muscular tension (Ford, 1989). Transient killer whales are often very difficult to track when under water as they are typically silent. Often communicating with each other with just a single click, known as a cryptic click (Deecke et al. , 2000). The only time that the killer whales produce large amounts of vocal activity was when milling about on the surface or after killing a marine mammal. Transients have been found to only use four to six discrete calls which are not shared with the resident pods (Deecke et al. , 2004). Ontogeny Like other aspects of learning in mammalian society, I hypothesise that the newborn calves will be taught the ability for vocalisation by its parent or other pod members. There have been many studies on killer whale vocalisations in different parts of the world including Canada (Ford, 1984), Alaska (Yurk et al. 2002) and Norway (Matkin, 1988). Each study showed that every pod has its own distinctive repertoire of discrete calls, often this phenomenon is referred to as vocal dialects. The differences in vocal repertoires can be the result of geographic isolation and when this occurs it is not dialects that are being represented but â€Å"geographic variations of vocal repertoire† (Ford, 1984 ). The use of repetitive calls and the specific number and type of discrete calls are what are used to classify and compare dialects. Pods often produce between seven and seventeen different types of discrete calls. Some pods share calls and are grouped together as a acoustic clan (Baird et al. , 1988). Different clans might represent different independent maternal lineages, which have persisted for many generations, developing their independent call traditions. Dialects are probably the means by which pod cohesiveness and identity are maintained. Newborn calls manage to produce calls very comparable to their mothers, but the repertoire is very limited. With the arrival of a new calf to the pod, the calls of the pod and particularly the matriarch increase, especially the frequency of pod-specific calls (Ford, 1989). This is widely regarded as the method to which newborns learn the pods dialect. The majority of the learning done by the newborn is a process of imitation and trial and error. The calf does not always learn communication from a parent. In captivity a young whale was observed to have learned the calls of its tank mate, even though it had no relatedness. Survival Value I hypothesise that the because the mammalian predators can hear well under water is the reason why the transient killer whales adopt significantly reduced communication during periods of foraging. Acoustic communication can have great benefits such as organising groups for attacks and avoiding predation. As with all behaviour traits there is a trade off. There is a direct cost of energy required to producing the sounds and along with this is the loss of energy from lack of feeding during times of communicating. There is also a indirect cost, especially for transient killer whales, which pass information on to eavesdroppers. Eavesdroppers may include competitors (Hammond et al. , 2003), predators (Hosken et al. 1994) or for transient killer whales alerting potential prey. Various studies have documented the costs from eavesdropping for prey in the case of predators who utilise echolocation. Bats have been documented preying on frogs performing mating calls by eavesdropping on them (Fenton, 2003). Insects have also been noted as being able to avoid predation from bats by listening to their acoustic projections (Rydell et al. , 1995). Communicative vocalizations are usually not e ssential for prey location unlike echolocation. This is the most likely reason that transient killer whales move in silence or considerably reduced vocal communication while foraging. Evolution I believe that the evolution of marine mammals from a common ancestor hinders the transient killer whales hunting due to the retention of excellent underwater hearing by marine mammals. In Pakistan the discovery of Ambulocetus was remarkable, a three metre long mammal which resembled a crocodile. It is thought to be the transitional fossil starting the mammalian movement towards an aquatic life. By 38 million years ago mammals had fully adapted to a aquatic life with the emergence of Basilosaurus and Dorudon. Although these large marine mammals resembled modern whales and dolphins they lacked the ‘melon organ’ which allows echolocation in their descendants (Ford, et al. , 2000). In the middle of the Oligocene (33 million years ago) a animal called Squalodon is thought to have been the first to use echolocation. With a cranium which was well compressed, and a telescoped rostrum it displayed a skull similar to modern dolphins. A big problem with the hunting marine mammals is that they all have a common ancestor, and all have retained a common lineage of very good hearing. Fish have poor hearing which allows the residential killer whales to freely use communication when hunting. Transient killer whales have been forced to change this behaviour because of their choice of prey including seals, dolphins, porpoises and whales. With all mammals having good underwater hearing they have been required to adopt a reduced vocal communication when searching for prey. Conclusion I believe that the lack of acoustic communication between transient killer whales is due to the ability of their selected prey being able to hear the clicks, whistles and pulses they generate. These sounds can be heard from over seven kilometres away and marine mammals do react to these calls (Deecke et al. , 2002). In the study by Deecke in 2002, he played the sounds of killer whales near a harbour seal colony which resulted in most of the seals displaying strong anti-predator behaviour of leaving the water. This suggests that they are able to clearly hear the calls and understand what is generating them. I believe that other marine mammals will react in a similar way. Guinet (1992) observed the vocal patterns of killer whales around the Crozet Archipelago and came to the same result as Deecke (2004) that the killer whales were silent throughout hunting and searching, but once a mammalian kill was made the pod would greatly increase in vocal activity. While it can be a risk to produce noise after killing a prey, for fear of drawing the attention of other predators or scavengers, killer whales are the apex predator and have no natural predators.