Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity Essay Example for Free

Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity EssayHinduism, Islam, and Christianity People of different religions are in contact with each other every day, and do non even realize it. Here in the unify States there is a compilation of many religions. Three major religions not only in the United States, scarcely also throughout the world are Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity. There are many differences, and few similarities when comparing Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity. Not only are the cangrounds of these religions similar and different, but so are the practices that they still live out to this day. Hinduism originated between 4000 and 2000 BC. Hinduism conceptualizes in Karma, you reap what you sow, and reincarnation. Reincarnation is the belief that after death, the soul can come back to earth in another body. The Hindu trinity is the Brahma, Vishnu, and the Shiva, which are the three aspects of the same divine being. There are four goals in the life of a Hindu. They are Kama, Ar tha, Dharma, and Moksha. These mean the fulfillment of certain desires, wealth, religious duties, and not wanting things. The cow and the bull are both considered sacred and should not be slaughtered.So Hindus are forbidden from eating beef. There are many festivals affiliated with the Hindu religion, because they believe it keeps them completion to their gods. At least once a month, there is a Hindu festival, where they celebrate their diversity. Islam is the second largest religion in the world, and the fastest growing religion in the world. Islam is the belief in the Judeo-Christian God. Muslims are monotheistic, and believe in the five pillars of Islam. The five pillars are the Shahada, Salat, Zakat, Sawm, and the Hajj.The Shahada means testimony, Salat is for prayer, Zakat is for giving, Sawm is for fasting, and Hajj means pilgrimage. According to Muslims, Muhammad was a cornerstone of Islam, and he was gods messenger. For Muslims, the predate is an unclean animal, and is for bidden to eat unless prepared in accordance with prescribed rules. Intoxicating drinks and substances are prohibited. Christianity is a major world religion that adapted oer 2000 years ago. It is the belief that Jesus of Nazareth is the Son of God. The major text of Christianity is the Bible.The Bible concludes of an Old and a New Testament, and is a compilation of books. Christians have many ship canal of religious practices. There are festivals and feasts, which are usually celebrated on holidays. The communal fear takes place on Sundays and other days of the week in which people from the church come together for rituals. The last is private worship, which is used when one is alone, where they can engage in prayer, devotions, and spiritual practices. Islam is a religion founded by a prophet. In contrast, Hinduism is a group of religious traditions, established over a period of time.In Hinduism personalities do not count as overmuch as the divine law or the dharma. So in Islam th e message of Islam is far more important than the person of Muhammad himself. Unlike Christianity, Muslims do not worship their prophet. Unlike Islam, Hinduism is strictly monogamous. Christianity, Hinduism, and Islam all bundle similarities and differences. Unlike Hinduism, Christianity and Islam share the belief of only one god. Hindus have a god for fire, death, water, etc. The practices of Christianity and Islam are sometimes in groups, while Hinduism is practiced alone.All three religions believe in the efficacy of prayer. But Hinduism and Islam believe in the importance of remembering and reciting the names, words, and deeds of god, for intragroup purification. Unlike Islam and Christianity, Hinduism has the choice of an intervener between god and a person, such as a priest or a guru for assistance. Intimate relationships are not canonical of in Islam and Hinduism. Dating is considered both irreligious and immoral. In these two religions along with Christianity, premarital sex is considered immoral also.In conclusion all three religions share that they believe in an afterlife, and strive for immortality. For all religions death is a normal and natural thing that leads to an eternal life. Christianity and Islam are closer together then Hinduism. largely Europeans adopted Christianity along with Islam in the 18th and 19th centuries. This means that both Christianity and Islam have been influenced in some ways by the European culture. The Europeans have pulled Christianity and Islam close together while the Europeans have never influenced Hinduism, which makes Hinduism different from the other two religions.

Ottawa Charter0National Tabacco Campaign Essay Example for Free

Ottawa Charter0National Tabacco run away EssayThe Ottawa Charter is a global wellness promotion run by the globe health Organisation. It involves five run areas called developing personal skills, creating buy ative environments, fortify community action, reorienting health services and building healthy familiar policies. To combat lung crab louse and other health risks the Australian government launched The National Tobacco 2011 Campaign to raise awareness of skunk by the five action areas to reduce the come up of daily smoking cars by 2018.Developing personal skills supports personal and social development done the use of information and resources, which educate health benefits to enhance life skills. In gaining theses skills one-on-ones can make informed decisions to take control of their lives. In relation to the National tobacco Campaign 2011, this ordain involve raising awareness on the effects of smoking, back up individuals to allow therefore cut their c hances of developing ling cancer. Strategies employed by the campaign to address developing personal skills allow media campaigns and quit tips.The current media campaign features television, radio, prints and online advertisements to address the issue of smoking and its relation to lung cancer and other health risks. The recent cough TV advertisement shows an average Australian male. He is enjoying time with his mates, at work, spending time with the family however he is constantly coughing. Then the voice over states every cigarette brings cancer closer. This go around but powerful statement informs individuals that every cigarette they take is putting them at the risk of developing cancer.Thorough the tactic of showing an average Australian male it allows the public to relate to the situation, empowering them to change their habits or else you could end up leaving your loved ones behind. Another strategy is the use of quit tips. This website fact summon illustrates new shipw ay that individual can relax as many people smoke while bored or stressed. Some of these relaxation methods include breathing techniques, exercise or a change of routine such as chewing gum or having a stress ball in the car to utilize while stuck in traffic.These strategies are informative yet realistic ways in which individual can swap a smoking habit for a positive health choice instead. This physically garters individuals to make an informed choice to develop their individual skills. By adapting these new life skills through the promotion of stress relief methods individuals are encouraged to take control and empower their own lives. It educates that smoking doesnt relieve stress yet it except causes stress with its relation to many health risks.Developing personal skills is an important sector of the Ottawa Charter as without it individuals wouldnt be educated to canvas the underlying effects of smoking and its strong link to lung cancer. Creating supportive environments foc uss on the environments in which people work, live and play. The aim is to ensure these environments meditate healthy living through the promotion of positive health choices. In relation to the National Tobacco Campaign 2011, this principle involves back up one another(prenominal) to quit smoking.This personal and community support takes into consideration the diverse needs of society in the need to fight against smoking. Strategies include providing fact sheets in a variety of languages and providing an online quit service. Australia is a very multicultural society and the campaign has taken this into consideration by creating print and radio advertisements in over 20 languages. This campaign has a goal to reduce the percentage of daily adult smokers by 2018. By providing health promotions in diverse languages, it opens this goal up to the wider Australian population encouraging equity and support.By breaking the language barrier the non-English speakers/readers will feel more su pported and encouraged to quit smoking, therefore reducing their chances of developing lung cancer. This advertisement highlights they ways in which the human body will repair itself once smoking has stopped and its motto is Every cigarette you outweart smoke is doing you good. The statement is encouraging and supports the fact that every cigarette has an impact. Another way the tobacco campaign offers a supportive environment is through the telephone quitline.By phoning 131 848 an individual can confidentially speak to a counselor gain information but importantly advice and acknowledgement of their efforts so far. This local cost call can be made from anywhere around Australia, supporting those living in rural areas. Furthermore this quitline can go on to mail individual a quit coach book. This provides the best ways to quit, ways to cope with withdrawal symptoms and details on courses run by local organizations that offer extra help and counseling. This strategy is effective a s it helps individuals realize that hey are not alone and their struggle to quit will offer so many advantages. through with(predicate) first hand advice and the help of professional encouragement individuals receive the confidence to keep going. Through this support inwardly the environment individuals are more likely to access/continue to use support services to adapt positive behaviors in their lives. These changing life patterns will stop the smoking habits, reduce the risk of lung cancer and enhance overall wellbeing. http//www. boredofstudies. org/wiki/Ottawa_Charter_for_Health_Promotion_(1986)Strengthening community action involves public participation to achieve better health. Through initiatives inspired by the community, healthy living patterns can be established to raise awareness and empower action. In relation to the National Tobacco Campaign this involves the help of professional within the community as well as local governments and the public to make and implement a ction on smoking. Some strategies to strengthening community action include the help someone quit page, and individual community projects.The help someone quit initiative provides information on ways to aid a friend by encouraging them and following through with their progress, even if youve never smoked before. It states the importance of not nagging a smoker to quit, as that just makes them want to retaliate. Yet the best approach is to clearly explain the motives to stop smoking and offer support. If non smokers and in particular past smokers where to help individuals within the community to quit smoking the whole populations health and attitude would be strengthened, encouraging positive health behaviors.The Bankstown community has specifically strengthened their action by installing No smoking signs and restricting smoking 10m within childrens playgrounds. This strategy requires an extra step as it requires the help of the general public to enforce the rule, saving children fro m passive smoking. The signs educate the public on the hazard of smoking but the enforcement from the public is what will strengthen its success. Through establishing support groups and encouraging social support, the community is brought together to solve smoking through empowerment. (http//www. bankstown. sw. gov. au/Installation-of-New-No-Smoking-Signs/default. aspx) Reorienting heath services refers to utilizing services aimed at prevention, promotion and understanding a cure. It is the state of individuals, community groups, health professionals, institutions and governments to work together to achieve good health. In relation to the National Tobacco campaign it involves the shared role of all health services to lead a change to prevent smoking and support wellbeing. Strategies include working with various campaign partners and a letter to GPs written by the chief medical officer.The campaigns website offers links to both Australian and International organizations who care fo r health with a goal of tackling smoking. Examples include the National Asthma council, World Health Organization and the Australian Cancer Society. Some of these health services have drop-in-centers or stores/clinics but they all offer information and resources on smoking or lung cancer. Some organizations are preventative while others are curative services. This is effective as through this extra support individuals can expand their knowledge and find a network that works best with their needs.The Australian governments chief medical officer, Jim Bishop wrote a letter directed at GPs asking for their support on the National Tobacco Campaign. It mentions that smoking is the largest preventable causing disease. He later went on to ask local doctors to conduct brief interventions with their smoking patients, encouraging them to quit. Through this incentive the action of the local GP will maximize societys members to quit. The smokers will receive professional help from their trusted GP to aid their own individual responsibility.Once both teams work together, this is when good health can be achieved. Through the help of extra health professionals individual can see the overall effects of smoking and with this extra support confidence will be achieved to fight the risk of developing lung cancer by stopping smoking habits Building Healthy Public Policy relates to policies and legislations made by the government to create health improvements. It goes beyond health care as it designs rules also generating consequences for those who disobey.In relation to the National Tobacco campaign it involves rules on where smoking is prohibited and where cigarettes can be sold as well as punishments for those who neglect these rules. The following law states that from March 2006, all cigarette packets require pictorial health warnings and the quitline number. These images are a form of scare tactics that shoot down out health warnings in the bid that smokers will become turned off by imagers of cancerous body parts. The quitline on the box encourages individuals to quit and some plays as a guilty trip, that each cigarette they inhale is causing them damage.

Paradise Lost And Frankenstein Theology Religion Essay

promised land Lost And Frankenstein Theology Religion EssayDespite beingness indite much than a century apart, Paradise Lost and Frankenstein, share the idea of individuals limitations. As classic science fictions, both books seek to express individuals over the carry of a higher(prenominal) authority. In Paradise Lost, John Milton, questions the religious idea of predestination that says every individuals brio is perfectly designed by deity, and therefore maven should happily accept his or her identity. During the 18th century, England empowered churches and priests as messengers of God, and Milton despised the corruption and injustice he saw in these Catholic churches. Through Paradise Lost, Milton celebrates individuals who challenge a higher authority and are leaveing to physical body their own identity. Under the influence of John Milton, Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein in 1818 in which community are armed with science technology to challenge authority of temperamen t or God. Although both books celebrate protagonists strong leave alone to search and shape their identity, the books unagitated reflect the authors concerns that individuals trick non actually shape their identity that had been already determined by predestination or a higher authority. In Paradise Lost, although demon declares a revenge on God by ruining his plan on humanity, God always has demon under his eyes and has authority to trump anything fiend has done. Unlike dickens, the wildcat in Frankenstein is non always under control or watch by his creator, Victor, but ultimately fails to change his identity of being a monster regard little of how hard he tries to be like a human being. As these books assert the existence of a God or creator, the books depict that individuals in any part of human history cannot shape their authentic identity given by a higher authority beca physical exertion although characters who perceive predetermination attempts to change it by doing what they can do the best, the predestined identity and fate remain still regardless of their best attempts.Although Satan is known for his satanicness, his evil identity is conspicuously designed by Miltons God who eliminates all Satans choices except committing sins. In Miltons Paradise Lost, God is the most authoritative figure and often express as the pull up stakes of whole universe. Satan, who desires to escape from God, has to make a false vision in order to reject the influence from God. later his fall from heaven, Satan made a speech to gather and encourage his fellow-demons. During his speech, Satan suggests that it is tyrannical for theSon to rule over the angels, because the angels are self-begot, self-raisd / By our own quickning power (5.860-61). This is low gear deception Satan pull ins to cancel the position that God is the creator of all angels. This false expression indicates while Satan knows he is ruled by God, he pretends to be out of Gods influence. Swa yed by this false sophistry, the demons, and even Satan himself are deluded to believe the false belief. Miltons God does not taking their strengths when defeated. Giving hope that Satan and devils still earn chance to overcome God, God rather prevents devils from repenting and receiving forgiveness. By choosing to follow Satans false reasoning, the rebel angels lose all choice in whether they will repent to return to Heaven, and perhaps do not even realize that they are given a chance of repentance. Under Gods machination, they do not have choice because Gods false hope makes them chose to have no choice, but commit sins. The demons wills are not conquered by God but instead their wills are voluntarily surrendered to Him. Satans false claiming that the angels are self-created further deprives Satans will by making him a creator of sort that his creation is a privation. infract is his self-begotten creation, and with Death, they compose an unholy, sinful trinity. With Sin and Deat h, Satan, as an inversion of God, is prevented from creating anything good and allowed to create only Miserie, uncreated till the crime (6.268-69). As Satans choice to be good is initially limited by God and evilness is what Satan is entirely composed of by his false claim, the destiny of Satan is already shaped to be nothing but evil.Despite the detail that Satan is limited by careful designs of God, he still shows a sign of independence by using material objects to support him. Raphael explains to ten and tear cut down that Gods creations are more refined, more spirituous, and subtle, / as nearer to him placed or nearer tending (5.475-476). If Raphael is true, then conversely, Satan moldiness become less refined, spirituous, and pure once Satan turns away from God. However, in the hell, Satan is still ambitious and willing to challenge against God with his spear and shield. As Satan takes his material munition in a war against God, these weapons are symbols of Satans unconqu er competent will against Gods will. Using his spear as a crutch to support his uneasy steps, as he moves nigh in hell, Satan, instead of returning to God and seeking for forgiveness, puts his faith in his material things (1.295). Falling with his weapons in hell, Satan never loses faith that his unconquerable will is capable of contravening Gods will.Satans unconquerable will to interrupt Gods plan is also highlighted when Satan enters Eden as a cormorant and wolf and approaches to Adam and Eve introductory as a lion, tiger, then as a serpent (4.402-08). The change of Satans physical appearance might indicate that Satan is actually being less refined, spirituous, and pure as he turns more against God. However, it also signifies that despite the insignificant physical shape of Satan, he does accomplish his own goal of corrupting Adam and Eve. In addition, Miltons God is omniscient, knowing all that happens and all that will happen, but consequently, God can be seen as tyrannical a nd cruel in not preventing evil. The success of Satans mission might reflect that God allows Satan to execute his free-will of ruining Gods plans.However, Satans belief in freewill is rather a delusion that he cannot act apart from God and all acts he performs serve Gods service. When Satan returns to hell after corrupting Adam and Eve, he does not receive success cheers. Instead, he hears a universal hiss as he and his fellow devils transform into serpents. Punished by God, Satan receives punish in the shape he sind, and the rest of the rebels are like in punishment, / As in thir crime (10.516, 544-5). The punishment of this group of sinners reflects that as a poetic justice, Gods justice dispenses punishments that are book to the crimes they committed. The punishment by God further suggests that the rebels punishments are fitting as they choose to be governed by Satan and refuse to be governed by God. The fact that God punished them for their decision indicates that although the ir actions seem free from God, the result of their actions, the poetic justice, is always held by God. In this sense, a demon gets what he wills, but having his will accomplished is always followed by a punishment because what he wills falls short of Gods will.Another instance that Satans freewill actually does not exist is Miltons explanation of Satan through Paradise Lost. Milton began his epic with pseudo-heroic size of Satan as that of Typhon or Leviathan (1.201). Although Satan is a fallen angel, Milton left his majesty and glory as archangel to provide God with a worthy adversary. However, all the appearances he takes on after fall lesson this angelic nobility he transforms into a cormorant, lion tiger, toad, and at last serpent. As Satan chooses to appear baser as time progresses, there is gradual decrease in a sinful wills power. His transformation displays an unredeemable aspect of the sinner. Satan did will to be a serpent, and his followers willed for him to corrupt Ada m and Eve. However, once they commit sins, their wills are slavishly subjected to the sin that there is no chance of way-out from the sin. Thus, they repeat their sins involuntarily, reminding the results of devils decision to have no choice. Ultimately, the poet shows the abysmal fate of Satan that his will is annihilated as one becomes further enveloped in sin, for his will cannot be redirected from sin after God prevents him from being good.With all these careful plans by God, God not only has the power to trump what Satan uses evil actions of Satan as a part of his plan. By the end of the book, Raphael opens the idea of the fortunate fall, that the corruption of Adam and Eve is also in a way an act that brings more goodness to creation, for it leads to the coming of the Messiah who makes evil turn to good (12.471). Although Satan initially attempts to corrupt Adam and Eve to create evil and disorder in the universe, his will of creating evil actually falls under Gods plan of sal vation for humanity. Therefore, when it comes to Satans proud action, it is really Gods will being done, not his, though Satan never realizes this fact. Finally, Satans belief in free-will is rather a delusion that he cannot act apart from God since all acts are performed in Gods service.Satan is rather a very sad figure whose actions against God in exchange of his own punishments are actually used to serve Gods plans. bandage Miltons God is almost impossible to overcome, in Frankenstein, the peter seems to have more control over his situations. However, the creature, too, falls to the victim of predetermination by his creator, Victor.Since the time of being created by Victor, the creature is rejected by his creator and world and does not seem to have a place in the world. Since the beginning of his lifetime, the creature is be already abandoned before he knows anything about the world he enters. When the creature muttered some inarticulate sounds, and his hand was stretched out to his creator, Victor refuses to listen and escapes the research lab (59). In this scene, the creature is portrayed like a baby, who cannot speak a word, but stretch his hands to father for a protection. The rejection by his creator, Victor, indicates that there is already a gap surrounded by the actual creature and the imagined creature by the creator. This gap, which the creature does not perceive yet, already reflects the creature as unwanted life and abortion from Victor and his world. Victors first idea of creation and rebirth is somewhat ideal and beautiful, an art work only allowed to God. When Victor with knowledge of science created a life, the created life is rather false and ugly, pointing out that peoples imaginations that sound really appealing can be horrific when brought to the world. The rejection of Victor is therefore significant that the monster is not only rejected by his deformed physicality but also rejected by the fact that he is a resemble of false, imagi native ideas that must only stay in unreal world, in peoples imaginations. In this Mary Shelleys world of science fiction, the creature is able to be brought to the real world with scientific imagination, but since the creature is a false product of scientific imagination, he has no place to belong in the world. The creature is an outlier in the world and cannot shape his identity because his identity is free to be changed only in unreal world and in imagination of Victor. The view of the creature as the unwanted becomes more evident as the creature makes inarticulate sounds like a baby to communicate with his creator. Victors refusal to understand or communicate with the creature suggests that the creatures link with Victor, which is the only companionship the creature is born with, can easily fall apart, leaving the creature with no connection to the world, and therefore isolating him from the real world. Regardless of the creature is able to perceive or not, there is again a ga p or loss of connection between the creature and the world.In addition to Victors rejection, even the nature of the real world seems to reject the creature. When the narrative is turned to the creature, he describes his experience of first entering the world The light became more and more oppressive to me I sought a place where I could receive shade (105). In Frankenstein, light is often a symbol of integrity and life which people use it to celebrate a new birth or goodness. The creature, however, finds more comfort in darkness than light, evidence that he does not seem to fit into the world. enlighten is rather a torture or discomfort for him that nature does not welcome him for entering the world. As the creature is rejected both in scathe of nurture and nature, he clearly does not belong to the world.The idea that the creature does not belong to the world continues even after the creature becomes conscious of his surroundings. After gaining knowledge and human sense, the creat ure realizes that Satan had his companions, fellow-devils, to admire and encourage him, but he is solitary and abhorred (133). The creatures attempts for self-extension, for connection with community do not seem to work at all as Satan has evilness to have fellow devils and belong to hell, the creature has labeled identity of a monster to belong to its category. It is a tragic irony that while ones original identity guides one to ones original community, there is no such thing as original community for the creature, who does not initially belong to the world. For the creature, the chance of belonging to this world is never given because it is Victor and society that attributes his labeled identity, forcing him to belong somewhere else.Despite his initial rejection from his creator and the world, the creature develops hope to be part of community. Without help of his creator, the creature educates himself to be closer to humankind. The creatures desire to be accepted and assimilated is apparent when he speaks his feelings toward cottagers The more I saw of them, the greater became my desire to claim their protection and bounty to see their sweet looks directed towards me with affection was the utmost limit of my ambition (134). His desire to be a part of the cottagers lives, to have them accept and love him, illustrates a tangible connection felt between the creature and the rest of the humanity. The creature goes on to say I required kindness and sympathy but I did not believe myself unworthy of it (134). The creature believes himself capable and even worthy of both emotional and psychological reciprocation and by extension, capable of existing in harmony with the rest of humankind. The creature confirms his belief by educating himself, showing that at least there is an hazard for him to assimilate to the morals and ethics of humankind. The product of his self-education seems fruitful when the creature talks with Victor persuasively my food is not that of ma n I do not destroy the lamb and the kid to glut my appetite acorns and berries afford me sufficient nourishment (148). Without the teaching from his creator, the creature is able to discern moral even up and wrong. The creature is able to form his own code of behavior on example and the behavior he views from others despite the lack of formal education. This is notable that his involuntary sense of morality comes without any help of creator, and although his morality is not inborn, it is obtainable by the creature. Further knowledge on virtue and vice is given to the creature through the books I read of men concerned in public affairs governing or massacring their species. I felt the greatest ardor for virtue rise within me, and abhorrence for vice (131). The presence of a creator is again absent from his education, yet he is capable of developing a thoroughly structured sense of morality and ethics. His ardor for virtue and abhorrence for vice is a basis for strong intellectual development, as well as, being effective in human relations, the end goal of the creatures self-education. His capability of changing himself by learning indicates that the creature is not an incommunicable evil monster by inherent constitution. He is rather born unformed without any shaped identity. Therefore, as he absorbs the characteristics of humans, he feels to be closer to mankind.Despite the creatures effort to be closer to mankind, his constructed inner-personality is easily overridden by his deformity, and ultimately cannot depart from predetermination by his creator, Victor. The fall of his inner-personality occurs when the creature is shot by a boy after the creature saves a girl. The feelings of kindness and gentleness which I had entertained but a few moments before, gave place to hellish rage and gnashing of teeth. Inflamed by pain, I vowed eternal hatred and revenge to all mankind (143). The sudden turnover of creatures personality from kindness and gentleness to h atred and vengeance suggests how easily his constructed virtue and inner-personality to be a person can be replaced as if his efforts are worthless. Regardless of his efforts in creating his inner-personal identity, the labeled physical monstrosity overlaps his self-construction and even brings him back to his initial status, a rejected and isolated life from the world. The insignificance of his self-education becomes more apparent when Victor replays his rejection to the creature Begone I will not hear you. There can be no community between you and me (103). The repetition of Victors rejection is evidence that there is not much change in the creatures connection to the world after his self-education. Although the creature learns the value of virtue and community, Victor denies the creatures take when he insists that there is no community. As the creatures efforts turn out to be futile, the creator, Victor, seems to be the only one who can save the creature from misery. Even though the creature renounces all his virtue and passion to revenge on Victor after destroying his mate, Victors death, the loss of creator, does not allow him to be independent from misery in his murder my crimes are consummated the miserable series of my being is wound to its close (221). While Victor is the creatures source of agony, Victor has been the only relationship he actually has in the world. The death of Victor represents the loss of core link between the creature and the world, which allows him at least to stay in the world. His demise, in fact, brings the remove isolation of the creature in the world and therefore his own annihilation in the world.The classic science fictions reflect that overcoming the creator or a higher authority is near impossible, and even if one defeats ones creator, what left is ones self-annihilation because one is directly connected with the creator. The scientific imaginations from classic science fiction do not provide actual freedom or extension of independence beyond the limit of the world. In classic science fictions, the freedom of imagination rather brings down the individual by imagining a higher authority in form of supernatural. Therefore, at the time of classic science fiction, the ideas of science fiction are effectual tool to erase existing boundaries in oneself, but seem to paralyze one by giving new boundaries, that are taller than the old boundaries.

Highland Springs Entry into China

alpestrine commencements Entry into mainland china foreign grocerying upland Springs Entry into chinawareMarket infusion and Environmental AnalysisExecutive SummaryIncreased planetary communication has alike created a greater diversity in the tradeplace. Consumers be becoming to a greater extent than sophisticated because of the change magnitude scope of communication, requiring a flexible and responsive strategy, instead of standardisation. (Prevos, 2008) pageDespite converging consumer and securities industry factors, intrinsic differences still exist surrounded by country markets and charge within countries in terms of regional and ethnical factors.Ref More recent debate has t polish offed to centred around the notion of increasing fragmentation, thought to be in conflict with the concept of worldwideisation itself ref and Yangs (1995)page research deals in untold detail with what he refers to as the seeming contradiction between emergent nationalism and globali sm citing that it appears that political and economic boundaries need not necessarily converge some(prenominal) more(prenominal).Although galore(postnominal) believe that C consumer markets make believe converged in terms of tastes and preferences crossways markets, thereof offering likely for strategically equivalent segmentation (Kale Sudharsham, 1987). Tthere still exists vast disparities in terms of the PESTLE factors impacting upon business, curiously affable and pagan elements but in any case the regulatory factors which govern industry, and ultimately, determine the strategies firms opt to pursue. Thise report shall proceed to analyses those factors which impact near on alpestrine Springs entry into the Chinese market and the subsequent strategies it pursues. It is by no means exhaustive as there be so many inter-related factors at play simultaneously and in varying degrees from a global perspective. Thee report has attempted to analyse those factors deemed to be ciphers the most signifi weedt factors, and in particular, with a focuses on the cultural elements which eaffect consumer behaviour and which have the most direct impact on the strategy which highland(prenominal) Springs opts to pursue strategy in the Chinese market in the launch of its support bottled water brand.Environmental AnalysisThere exists a tumefy-developed literature of market failures committed abroad by international marketersOne major reason of much(prenominal) failures is poor market selection. (Rahman, 2003)Although From table 1, It is clear that China is viewed as offers offering muchsignificant potential for western manufacturers, particularly of consumer goodshowever , a thorough environmental analysis is super recommended, G given up the stage of Chinas economic development and the fact that despite its speedy and impressive progression in recent years, it still lags behind developed markets not only in terms of consumer buying habits and and sophisticati on, but in like manner most significantly, in terms of market infrastructure which impacts significantly on the subsequent elements of the marketing strategy to be implemented, particularly distribution and logistical elements of bringing the production to market. The Chinese market is highly fragmented on a regional basis and is characterised by much diversity in terms of consumer income as thoroughly as propensity to buy certain goods or products. Such disparities ar most notable when analysing the vast discrepancies in income levels between the urban and rural populations. some of us know even simple facts about the geography, culture, and economics of countries other than our own. Even fewer people have at their fingertips details that tell whether their goods get out sell in a particular market. Cavusgil (1985) states that few people know the basic tenents of geography, culture or economies of countries different from their own and continues that there atomic number 18 even fewer people who know whether their products will be sold victorfully in specific markets. (Cavusgil, 1985)Chinas market is geographically vast in comparison to highland Springs domestic UK market and its other international markets generally in developed economies, with much higher numbers of potential consumers. It is similarly highly diverse in cultural terms internally than the company whitethorn be used to dealing with in international markets and characterised by huge differences in terms of social and cultural aspects including language variations on a regional basis which implies that a standardised approach is less applicable. Arguably, Carey (2006) posits that much of the demand for Western-type products is forecast in the highly urbanised areas and in the special economic zones where many workers with operable spending power are located and given the nature of the product, considered at the luxury end of the market, this is highly relevant. Despite its progressio n, as Carey (2006) highlightscontinues that, tThough urban incomes are rising, the majority of the Chinese population remains mired in rural poverty, awaiting economic and political reforms that may not happen for another decade, if at all.Table 21. Off-Trade Sales Value and Growth of Bottled WaterRegionValue ($ million, 2003)CAGR (1998-2003)CAGR (forecast) (2003-08)East China827.518.4%12.0%North and northeastern China511.517.8%12.0%Mid-China466.822.3%16.0%South China475.718.0%12.0%Southwest China335.723.1%16.0%Northwest China179.624.3%16.0%Source Euromonitor. Soft Drinks in China. April 2004. CheckChinas economic progression has resulted in increased demand for many products and services, much(prenominal) as for example mineral water. In addition, the fact that as clean drinking water is a scarce commodity, has seen the market has grown rapidly in recent times, highlighted by the table abovesince 1989 (Table 2), though this also has implications for the strategy to be adopted, p articularly with regarding to issues relating to Corporate Social Responsibility. Highland Spring is different from many of the suppliers in the market given that it is considered to be a premium brand which emulates certain lifestyle elements of the developed West in much the same way as Perrier or Evian of France do., Ttherefore entryherefore, entry into the market does not indicate that it would be competing head-on directly with the domestic playerscompetitors. This is relevant as many market commentators see higher income consumers in emerge markets as chooseing to purchase foreign brands which tend to communicate wealth and success. In this respect, Highland Spring is therefore at the premium end of the water market and its Scottish courses should allow the brand to align itself alongside the ahead(p) foreign brands that are already schematic in this e market and to which many in the emerging markets such as China are viewed as aspiring toaspire, for example, China. The Sc ottish origin should also allow it a degree of differentiation to the predominantly French origin of the leading playersbrands.Although in countries such as India and China consumption rates are not as high they have risen dramatically, tripling in India and doubling in China over the past 5 years. In countries such as these the main product line is Nestle pure life, a low cost purified tap water with added minerals. (Edwards, A., 2007)The analysis here has highlighted demonstrated that the potential demand for Highland Spring is likely to derive from those consumers who earn proportionately moremore, for example, in income terms such as professionals and also the younger segments of the market who are likely to be more exposed to Western- style goods particularly with the increase in overseas education and travel as fountainhead as painting to media, such as including the internet and cable/satellite goggle box., though Though censorship remains high in the nation, it is delusiv e that the nature of the product should not make this such an problem issue as it would for manufacturers of, for example alcoholic beverages, for example. In addition, an eventful luff segment shall be is the expatriate community which could strengthen a lucrative segment, particularly in the leading cities of Shanghai and Beijing, thus making the hotel, restaurant and leisure segments of the market highly attractiveprofitable. It is unlikely that the product shall come across much success in targeting the lower-income segments of the population given the availability of and loyalty to local regional brands as well as the substantially lower footings of such products. This highlights demonstrates how, despite the substantial cultural differences in existence regionally in China, there is still scope to adopt strategically equivalent segmentation (Kale Sudharsham, 1987) across specific target segments in the market, (Kale Sudharsham, 1987).Tthough clearly, adaptation may be necessary to some or all aspects of the marketing variables in the context of the political, regulatory and cultural factors at play.This market analysis is by no means exhaustive but has preferably highlighted those factors at play which have the most impact on the subsequent strategy to be pursued by Highland Spring in China. Further information relating to the market and consumer buying behaviour is contained in the appendix. The prior analysis has also highlighted demonstrated that despite the diversity inherent in the Chinese market, there is certainly potential for the Highland Spring brand across specific market segments. In addition, despite the apparent differences between consumers in mature markets in comparison to China, in terms of the Highland Spring brand, given the luxury nature of the product, there is also much similarity, thus epitomising Levitts (1983) theory of converging commonality and Ohmaes (1989) view of Managing in a Borderless ball where he highlights how leading premium or luxury brands lend themselves more to global standardisation. Simultaneously, while there remains much scope to extend the global branding and spot of the product in the market, the fact remains that premium bottled water is still regarded by many as considered to be in the infancy stages in China as opposed to the mature markets of the West. This implies that despite convergence, adaptation is still required if not to the product itself, but to the marketing strategy to be implemented in order to obtain strategic fit (Aaker, 1992) between the product and the market. An all important(predicate) consideration for Highland Spring in its launch is the date of the industry as a whole, particularly, from an international perspective. Given that many are of the opinion that Wwater is a basic human necessity., Mmany firms within this market continuum ,for example,such as Highland SpringSpring, at the premium end and Nestle at the lower end within this particular sector and Nestle at the other end of the scale, have been criticised for essentially profiteering from emerging economies such asfor example China and India where the availability of clean water is scarce and in some instances, non-existent. This moldinessiness be considered from some(prenominal) an international as well as local perspective so as to protect the value of the brand and its positioning in consumers minds. The companys commitment to both environmental and social sustainability cannot be over-emphasised in its proposed launch of its product in the Chinese market and must also be considered with regarding to any partnerships or alliances that are formed.entered into.Marketing Mix dodgeProduct StrategyWhen it comes to product strategy, managing in a borderless world doesnt mean managing by averages. It doesnt mean that all tastes run together into one amorphous push-down list of universal appeal. (Ohmae,( 1989) states that product strategy does not have to be managed by averagesand continues to suggest that individual brands of water can retain their own special taste.The in truth nature of the product implies that little adaptation should be applied if any at all as part of the appeal and the value of the brand itself, are the Scottish origins. The Scottishness of the brand also appeals to the psychological experience of consumption as highlighted stated by Clegg (2005) Working the link between place of origin and product quality is the oldest trick in the brand book. It milks our thirst for mythology and plays mercilessly on our superstitious hope that special places have the power to revitalise and transform. Highland Spring must however, ensure that it meets with stringent regulatory requirements in the Chinese market and must also ensure that the transportation of the products does not in any way adversely affect the contents and quality of the water itself. The research has also highlighted that many Chinese consumers view bottled water as being ref more beneficial to health with many multinationals such as Nestl opting to add vitamins and other health-associated minerals to their water brands in an attempt to appeal to a wider range of consumers and addition advantage over competitors, particularly the local playersbrands. This, however, appears to be more at the lower end of the market rather than the premium end in which Highland Spring should be positioned and appears less relevant as the aesthetic elements of the product have more influence over the purchasing process.Labelling may require adaptation, over again given the regulatory environment as well as the language barriers in existence. Although China is characterised by low literacy levels in comparison to the developed World,ref it is assumed that the target segments in question shall be characterised by higher literacy levels than one might normally associate with brands competing in the lower-priced segments.In addition, with regard to product policy, it must also be highlighted that the product itself, while remaining largely standardised across national borders, is at varying stages of the product life cycle in different country markets. Highland Spring can be considered as being in a mature market in the UK and other more developed economies, whereas in China it is at the introduction stages of its cycle and in the consumer adoption process. This has an influence on the subsequent communication and distribution elements of the mix curiously at the early stages where communicating the essence of the brand and any associated benefits, both tangible and intangible shall will be of paramount importance.PricePricing is an important variable to consider as Chinese consumers are deemed to be more price-sensitive than their Western counterparts as highlighted by St-Maurice (2008)On average, Chinese consumers are willing to even off a premium of about 2.5 percent for a branded product they purchase regularly, By contrast, in develope d markets, premiums for familiar brands can reach 20 percent or more. Our research suggests that rising inflation is making Chinese consumers more price sensitive and less loyal to their preferred brands.Analysis of competitors set policies should be examined especially the leading French players in the market. It may be prudent initially to introduce the product at a lower price than competitors in order to gain a foothold in the market. Appropriate distribution agreements with local agents should drive this and assist in keeping prices down initially with the anticipation that margins shall will rise as the product gains a foothold in the market. Given the premium nature of the product it is important than price also communicates the brands quality and prestige image while simultaneously not being positioned so high as to exclude potential customers.PromotionAs China becomes a major player in the global economy, authorities in Beijing are trying to balance the need for more info rmation with their endeavor of controlling content as a means to maintain power. (Zissis, C. and Bhattacharji, P., 2008)This is perhaps the variable in which adaptation is most likely to occur given the cultural differences inherent within the Chinese market. It is also important yet again, to be aware of any regulatory requirements regarding information communicated through promotional media as well as on labelling requirements. However, it is safe to assume that in spite of the variances in terms of regulations as well as language barriers, the promotional element should be relatively consistent on a global basis in order to create a global brand with more universal appeal. area of origin is an important element to communicate as well as the pureness, quality and superiority of the product highlighting, perhaps, certain elements which may be deemed more important to the Chinese consumer, particularly any health or purity elements which would serve to differentiate and position t he brand above the leading foreign competitors in the marketplace. An raise element to consider is the massive increases in the number of Chinese visitors to events such as the annual Edinburgh Festival so some carve up of tie-in or complementary advertising with relevant tourist companies or airlines, both international and Chinese operators, may be prudent in heightening brand light out with the Chinese market initially.As highlighted by the environmental analysis of the market, literacy levels are substantially lower in the Chinese market yet the target market in question is assumed to be within those segments that possess the relevant literacy levels as well as the available disposable income. The same can be assumed in terms of access to communication mediums such as quality and international press as well as television and internet. The same mediums may not, for example, be options for those companies targeting the lower priced end of the water market where much more local adaptation shall undoubtedly be required and thus images become much more important as well as billboard and regional campaigns such as in-store promotions. However, despite recommendations to promote a global campaign adapting global programs to the local level can often improve the effectiveness of a campaign. (Aaker and Joachimsthaler, 1999) and this is likely to be reflected in the medium used rather than the promotional messages and images themselves. Sponsorship with leading sporting or other social events and special offers or tie-ins with other products or establishments such as hotel chains and health spas should also be examined in order to gain more exposure for the brand in the early stages. PlaceHighland Spring is involved in both the on and off- trade in its domestic market whereas in China, sales are likely to be predominantly, if not wholly concentrated in the on-trade, primarily through hotel and restaurant chains and in exclusive wine bar/bistro type establishments in the highly urbanised zones of the main cities of Beijing and Shanghai in order to target segments directly as well as to raise the profile of the brand. Clearly the reputation and standing of such establishments in the market must be consistent with the quality and image of the Highland Spring brand itself. Market Entry StrategyThis is perhaps the most important element of Highland Springs launch in the Chinese market as the choice of suitable partnerships in terms of distribution, logistics and retail establishments shall be overwhelmingly important to the subsequent success or failure of the product launch. Analysis has highlighted that the Chinese market per se is still extremely complicated to operate within. Despite the progress made in terms of glowering trade barriers, many obstacles still exist and protectionism is still very much a reality which foreign operators must contend with. As a result, many markets, particularly consumer markets, are characterised by a high pr oportion of strategic alliances and joint ventures and distribution arrangements than one might normally rule in more developed economies. Foreign companies appear to have opted for this style of partnership as a means to overcome some of the obstacles in the marketplace, affording them more control over activities and gaining added insight into the local operational complexities. This is in line with what Ohmae (1989) refers to as market insiderization achieved through collaboration with local agents established in the market who are aware of the intricacies of operating in the Chinese business environment.Although predominantly entering the market through exporting, also deemed necessary given the nature of the product and the fact that country of origin is an essential part of the brand itself, C collaborative arrangements shall be necessary with domestic Chinese firms in order to facilitate entry into the market, as well as the subsequent distribution of the product itself. The identification of a suitable partner shall be required, one which offers expertise in terms of knowledge of the market and a well-established and reliable distribution network in place with links into prospective retail outlets. Given the premium image of the Highland Spring brand, partners, distributors and any other agents appointed in the market, must also be reliable and well-thought of within the industry. Another important element to consider is that all storage and distribution facilities comply with both Chinese and international regulations to ensure that the product quality shall be retained when in transit and in storage. Highland Spring already have an arrangement in place with a US-based company named Savi Networks and employ the companys SaviTrak(TM) for Wireless Cargo Monitoring system in many of their international markets. This shall be explored in terms of capabilities within the Chinese market as the company is already active in Hong Kong. As Highland Spring expl ains, Whether it is our devotion to protecting our Organic Land or using the latest in technology to manage the flow of our natural product to outside consumers, we are incessant in our quest that the customer experience, whether in Hong Kong or Dubai, be the same quality as those in the UK. (PR Hub, 2009) Further details of this are contained in the appendix.Clearly a major factor for success is the distribution capability of potential partners in the marketplace. Related companies in the alcoholic and soft drinks segments of the market, particularly international companies such as PepsicoPepsiCo or Diageo, or even in conjunction with other food related companies such as Scottish Salmon, may offer the potential to form collaborative distribution arrangements such as piggybacking. This could also be of benefit not only in terms of lowering costs but also from the point of view of providing non competing but complementary products to the market and may be of particular appeal to man y of the larger hotel and retail outlet chains in the nation. This would also substantially lower the risks involved in market entry into the Chinese market.Although on the whole, the analysis has highlighted that some sort of partnership or arrangement with local players is deemed necessary, this does not rule out the opportunity to enter into partnership with other foreign firms already established in the market, and as highlighted in the preceding paragraph, this could provide added opportunity and and economies of scale scale economies for all involved in both the supply and demand for the product in question as explained by Young et al (1989) where the company sells its goods abroad through the overseas distribution facilities of another producer the two firms would normally have complementary, non-competitive products.ReferencesAaker, D. and Joachimsthaler, E., 1999, The Lure of orbiculate Branding, Harvard communication channel Review, November-December.Carey, W.P., 2006, S tarbucks Banks on the sum Kingdoms Middle Class, June 21, available at, http//knowledge.wpcarey.asu.edu/article.cfm?articleid=1263, accessed 01/11/09Cavusgil, S.T., 1985, Guidelines for Export Market Research, Business Horizons, November-December.Clegg, A, The Myth of Authenticity, 15 Aug 2005, available at http//brandchannel.com/features_effect.asp?pf_id=276, accessed 26/11/09Edwards, E., 2007, Bottled Water Pouring Resources Down the Drain?, School of Built and Natural Environment, Swansea Institute of Higher Education.Kale, S H and Sudharsham, D., 1987, A Strategic Approach to world-wide Segmentation, International Marketing Review, Summer.Levitt, T, 1983, The globularization of Markets, Harvard Business Review, May-June.Ohmae, K, 1989, Managing in a Borderless World, Harvard Business Review, May-June.Prevos, P, 2008, Converging Commonality and Business Strategy, 25 October, available at http//prevos.net/mba/convergence.pdf, accessed 31/10/09Rahman, S.H., 2003, Modelling of In ternational Market Selection Process A Qualitative Study of prosperous Australian International Businesses, Qualitative Market researcresearchvh An International Journal, Vol.6, Issue 2.St-Maurice, I., Sussmuth-Dyckerhoff, C. and Tsai, H, 2008, Whats New With the Chinese Consumer, McKinsey Quarterly, October.Yang, X. (1995) Globalization of the Automobile Industry The United States, Japan and the Peoples Republic of China Greenwood Publishing Group.Young, S., Hamill, J., Wheeler, C. and Davies, J.R., 1989, International Market Entry and Development Strategies and Management, Harvester Wheatsheaf, Prentice Hall.Zissis, Bhattachari, 2008, Media Censorship in China, Council For Foreign Relations, March 18 available at http//www.cfr.org/ upshot/11515/p-9http//www.worldwatch.org/node/5063, accessed 15/02/10PR Hub available at http//blog.taragana.com/pr/highland-spring-ltd-uk-selects-savi-networks-savitraktm-for-wireless-cargo-monitoring-8443/, accessed 13/02/10BibliographyAaker, D. and Joachimsthaler, E., 1999, The Lure of Global Branding, Harvard Business Review, November-December.Aaker, D., 1991, Managing Brand Equity, The stop Press, New York.Aaker, David A, 1992, Strategic Market Management, John Wiley Sons Inc.Arnold, D., 2000, Seven Rules of International Distribution, Harvard Business Review, November-December.Brooks, Ian et al, The International Business Environment, Prentice Hall, 2004Carey, W.P., 2006, Starbucks Banks on the Middle Kingdoms Middle Class, June 21, available at, http//knowledge.wpcarey.asu.edu/article.cfm?articleid=1263, accessed 01/11/09Cavusgil, S.T., 1985, Guidelines for Export Market Research, Business Horizons, November-December.Chakravarthy, B and Perlmutter, H V, 1985,Strategic Planning For a Global Business, Columbia Journal of World Business.Clegg, A, The Myth of Authenticity, 15 Aug 2005, available at http//brandchannel.com/features_effect.asp?pf_id=276, accessed 26/11/09Czinkota, M and Ronkainen, I International Marketing, Th e Dryden Press, 2nd edition, 1990Dawar, N., 2004, What Are Brands Good For? Sloan Management Review, Volume 46, result 1.de Mooij, M., 2009, Global Marketing and Advertising Understanding Cultural Paradoxes, SAGE, London.Edwards, E., 2007, Bottled Water Pouring Resources Down the Drain?, School of Built and Natural Environment, Swansea Institute of Higher Education.Eid, R. and Trueman, M., 2002, The net profit New International Marketing Issues, Management Research News, Volume 25, Number 12.Kale, S H and Sudharsham, D., 1987, A Strategic Approach to International Segmentation, International Marketing Review, Summer.Kashani, K., 1989, Beware the Pitfalls of Global Marketing, Harvard Business review, September-October.Leontiades, James C, 1985, Multinational Corporate Strategy Planning For World Markets, Lexington Books.Levitt, T, 1983, The Globalization of Markets, Harvard Business Review, May-June.Ohmae, K, 1989, Managing in a Borderless World, Harvard Business Review, May-June.P oillon, C., 2000, Getting Started with Emerging Markets, Wiley, New YorkPorter, M.E. (1979) How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy, Harvard Business Review, March/April.Prevos, P. (2008) Converging Commonality and Business Strategy, retrieved on 09/01/10 from http//prevos.net/mba/convergence.pdfQuelch, J.A. and Hoff, E.J., 1986, Customizing Global Marketing, Harvard Business Review, May-June.Rahman, S.H., 2003, Modelling of International Market Selection Process A Qualitative Study of Successful Australian International Businesses, Qualitative Market researcvh An International Journal, Vol.6, Issue 2.Raju, P.S., 1995, Consumer Behaviour in Global Markets the A-B-C-D Paradigm and its Application to Eastern Europe and the Third World, Journal of Consumer Marketing Vol.12 No.5.St-Maurice, I., Sussmuth-Dyckerhoff, C. and Tsai, H, 2008, Whats New With the Chinese Consumer, McKinsey Quarterly, October.Walters, P.G.P and Samiee, S., 2003, Executive insights Marketing Strategy in Emerging ma rkets The Case of China, Journal of International Marketing Vol.11, No.1.Woetzel, J.R., 2004, A Guide to doing Business in China, McKinsey Quarterly, picky Edition What Global Executives Think.Wood, V.R. and Robertson, K.R., 2000, Evaluating International Markets The Importance of Information by Industry, by Country of Destination, and by Type of Export Transaction, International Marketing Review, Vol.17 No.1.Young, S., Hamill, J., Wheeler, C. and Davies, J.R., 1989, International Market Entry and Development Strategies and Management, Harvester Wheatsheaf, Prentice Hall.Zissis, Bhattachari, 2008, Media Censorship in China, Council For Foreign Relations, March 18 available at http//www.cfr.org/publication/11515/Top Global Food and Beverage Companies Strategies for Success, Just-Food, January 2009http//www.ats.agr.gc.ca/asia/4203_e.htmN_1http//www.worldwatch.org/node/5063http//english.peopledaily.com.cn/english/200012/16/eng20001216_58005.htmlhttp//blog.taragana.com/pr/highland-spri ng-ltd-uk-selects-savi-networks-savitraktm-for-wireless-cargo-monitoring-8443/

Singapore Differ From Other Countries In Asia Geography Essay

Singapore Differ From Other Countries In Asia Geography EssayAs one of the Four Tigers of Asia, Singapore has been widely acclaimed for its rare economic phenomenon that caused its quick growth and promotion to the status of a developed country. However, what truly sets Singapore apart from the rest is that amid the fast paced industrial victimization and rapid urbanization, Singapore was competent to at achieve a high aim of environmental standards that allowed it to be renowned in the region as a Garden City. Therefore, it is of colossal interest that we discuss the key factors to Singapores success in achieving a clean and green physical environment and the extent of its achievement. Through comparison with other Asiatic countries, we will too aim to identify the difference between these attempts.Brown PolicyUpon independence in 1965, Singapore was faced with a number of diminutive environmental issues such as removal of waste, lack of clean water supply, land pollution et c. While at the same time, the nation also had to tackle economic and social issues, which further complicates the efforts in environmental planning. In other Asian countries that experienced similar rapid economic growth, closely of these countries adopt the Grow First, Clean Up Later policy and thus have the tendency to neglect the environmental issues and concentrate more on economic and ripening growth. (T.Rock, 2002) For instance, the larger cities in South easterly Asia such as Bangkok contributes to half of Thailands economic growth, however it still faces numerous environmental problems such as air and water pollution that are still not given due attention. (Refer to Excerpt 1.1) Therefore, we can see that the importance attached by the semipolitical relation to environmental issue is a key factor to the success of its environmental management programme. (Chia, 1987)(Source Extracted from Tapvong, C., and Kruavan, J., water system prize improvements A contingent eva luation study of the Chao Phraya River, EEPSEA search Report, 1999.)Unlike its counterparts, the Singapore government activity adopted the Brown Policy which gives priority to developmental goals such as urban expansion and economic growth musical composition at the same time ensuring that pollution issues that arise be addressed appropriately. (Teo, Yeoh, Lai, Ooi, 2004) Through this policy, economic growth and environmental management becomes partners in national development rather than nemesis.For example, while Singapore government greatly promoted industrialization in the 1970s, legislations such as the Clean Air Standard Regulations (CASR) and Trade Effluent Regulations (TER) were introduced that requires industries to pursue stringent standards in effluents and air pollution control. Relocation efforts of the population to public housing estates were also packaged with environmental management plans such as the innovation of sewage and sanitation system and solid waste collection and disposal facilities. (Teo, Yeoh, Lai, Ooi, 2004)Government SupportNoting the importance of governmental support, Singapore became among the earliest countries in the cosmos to introduce a Ministry solely focused on environmental issues. The seriousness of environmental management efforts differentiated Singapore from the rest of the NIEs in the region in the 1970s. (Teo, Yeoh, Lai, Ooi, 2004)The creation of Anti Pollution Unit in 1970 under the Prime Minister Office and Ministry of surround in 1972 signaled to polluters the governments commitment to environmental issues. (T.Rock, 2002)(Source Adapted from Chia, L.S. (Ed) (1987), bod 2, pg 117, Environmental Management in Southeast Asia.)The Ministry of Environment formed in 1972 changed its name to become Ministry of Environment and pissing Resources in 2004. Under the Ministry are 2 statutory boards, namely the National Environmental dresser and Public Utilities Board. The trio forms the main institution group i n charge of environmental issues and sustainability. (Ministry of Environment and Water Resources, 2008)With the establishment of Ministry of Environment, environmental policies were translated into legal framework with cooperation from other governmental agencies. Adequate legal support thus provided the support necessary for enforcement. The extensive organization anatomical structure of the Ministry of Environment also allowed for an encompassing approach towards environmental issues.(Source Adapted from Chia, L.S. (Ed) (1987) Fig 3, pg 119, Environmental Management in Southeast Asia.)To keep up with the complexity and ever-changing nature of environmental issues, legislation passed by the Ministry were also amended frequently. One such example will be on the control of air quality and traffic congestion. To aid in solving the air pollution problem, the Singapore government passed legislation in 1st May 1990, which instituted a system of moderate the growth of motor vehicles by requiring all citizens to bid for a Certificate of Entitlement before gaining the right to own a car. (Didier Millet and the National Heritage Board, 2010) After observe that this does not effectively decrease the traffic congestion problem in CBD areas, the government was quick to implement the Electronic Road Pricing system with grade that will be adjusted where necessary to minimize congestion on the roads.Implementation and EnforcementTo ensure effective implementation and enforcement, the Ministry of Environment was also vested with the direct imprimatur to enforce the environmental legislation it introduced. This distinguishes Singapore from other countries that have well-defined environmental legal framework but lack the effective enforcement. A structured environmental authority responsible for policy formulation, implementation of environmental programme and coordination of other agencies backed with substantial monitoring, enforcement and inspection capabilities no do ubt contributed to the success of environmental management in Singapore. (Chia, 1987)The National Environmental Agency (NEA), formed in 1st July 2002, becomes the main institution empowered by National Environment Agency Act to effectively check on industries and to enforced and implement the environments standards as per required by the respective environmental legislations passed by Ministry of Environment and Water Resources. (Ministry of Environment and Water Resources, 2008)(Source Adapted from Chia, L.S. (Ed) (1987), Appendix 1, pg 161, Environmental Management in Southeast Asia)In contrast, countries in the region such as Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia without an unified umbrella environmental institution faces the fragmentation of environmental responsibility among their governmental agencies, which often impedes progress in environmental planning. (Chia, 1987) For instance, Indonesias environmental impact management agency, the BAPEDAL under the State Ministry of macroc osm and Environment (SMPE) lacks legal authority to inspect and enforce the standards they have implemented. For example, only the Ministry of Industries (MOI) and the local police had the authority to enter factories to take emissions samples and they rarely did so, thus it becomes passing difficult for BAEPAL to monitor and enforce industrial emission. Moreover, the court refused to grant legal standing to the emission standards or to the result of monitoring by BAEPAL, which effectively do it virtually impossible for prosecution of polluters. (T.Rock, 2002)Extent of Singapores SuccessAs a result of the above factors, Singapore can be said as the most successful country in ASEAN to meet the environmental standards set by the World Health Organization and US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). In number 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3, we can observe that Singapore has achieved the most remarkable result in Ambient Air and Water Quality as compared to other East Asian Newly Industrializing Economies. (Source Extracted from T.Rock, M. (2002). Table 1-2, pg 4, Pollution say-so in East Asia, Lessons from the Newly Industrializing Economy. )(Source Extracted from T.Rock, M. (2002). Figure 7-1, pg 144, Pollution Control in East Asia, Lessons from the Newly Industrializing Economy.)(Source Extracted from T.Rock, M. (2002). Figure 7-2, pg 145, Pollution Control in East Asia, Lessons from the Newly Industrializing Economy.)As compared to 1980s, Singapores has also improved greatly in its air pollution control, with its air quality playing way below the standards set by USEPA in 2008. For example, the Sulphur Dioxide level in 1978-1989 fluctuates around the range of 30-40 g/m3 , while between 2006-2008, the Sulphur Dioxide level is controlled around the range of 11-12 g/m3 .(Source Extracted from Sani, S. (1993). Overall Pollution in Singapore, Pg 90, Urban Environment in ASEAN Changing Regional Concerns and Approaches. In M. Seda, Environmental Management in ASEAN.)Polluta ntAveraging TimeUnit200620072008USEPA NAAQS1Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)Annual g/m3 11 12 1180 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Annual g/m3 24 22 22100 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 1-hour3 mg/m3 3.7 2.3 2.340 8-hour3 mg/m3 2.6 1.7 1.510 Ozone 8-hour4 g/m3 127 140 1031476 particulate Matter PM10 24-hour3 g/m3 2282 69 57150 Particulate Matter PM2.5 24-hour5g/m3802 35 3035 Annual g/m3 23 19 1615 Lead Quarterly average g/m3 0.020.020.020.157 Fig 4.5 Environment Clean Air Statistic from 2006-2008 (Source Adapted from Ministry of Environment and Water Resources. (2009, August 31). Key Environmental Statistic Clean Air.)In a short span of 30-40 years, with a sound environmental management program coupled with strong government commitment on environmental issues, Singapore has successfully developed itself from what may describe as a slum in 1965 to a world recognized Green city in the 1990s onwards. Differences in SituationEven as Singapore can be proud of its achievement in environmental planning and management, we have to keep in mind that it is also due to a difference in situation as compared to our neighboring states that these can be accomplished. Firstly, ever since independence in 1965 Singapore has been ruled by the main political society, People Action Party, without any significant contest from oppositions. This has simplified and resulted in easier coordination of law enforcement with strict administrative measures of environmental legislation. In addition, a one party rule in Singapore has allowed for high degree of commitment across all governmental agencies and resulted in a more effective set up of administrative structure, provision of funding and manpower for the building of pollution control and waste disposal facilities. (Chia, 1987)As there is little change in political powers in Singapore, the PAP government were also able to adopt the Long-Term, Integrated Planning principles which is to align all our policies from energy to transport to industry and urban planning and take a long term and complete view of our needs and circumstances (Inter-Ministerial Committee on Sustainable Development, 2009). The mandate given to the PAP government assured them that there will be not be any unforeseen change in their political power in the near coming(prenominal) and thus allowed them to have the decisiveness and flexibility to enact long term policies, a strong advantage that countries like Thailand with a dynamic unstable political system may not enjoy. (Sani, 1993)Furthermore, geographical advantage has prevented the Singapore government to face natural adverse conditions that often complicates the implementation of environmental policies such as earthquakes, flooding, drought, volcanic eruptions that our neighboring countries have to deal with constantly.ConclusionIn conclusion, Singapores success in environmental management is largely due to the commitment and emphasis fit(p) by the government in this area. With adequate legal, financial and manpowe r support, coupled with close cooperation between governmental agencies has allowed establishment of environmental facilities, institution and implementation of environmental legislation to proceed in a coordinated, well-planned manner. However, it is also due to the small area size of the city state, the political monopoly of PAP and the absence of natural catastrophe that has also made it easier for the government to manage. BibliographyChia, L. S. (Ed) (1987). Environmental Management in Southeast Asia. Singapore National University of Singapore, Faculty of Science.Didier Millet and the National Heritage Board. (n.d.). Certificate of Entitlement. Retrieved February 25, 2010, from Singapore The cyclopaedia http//www.singapedia.com.sg/entries/c/certificate_of_entitlement.htmlInter-Ministerial Committee on Sustainable Development. (2009). A Lively and Liveable Singapore Strategies for Sustainable Growth. Singapore Ministry of Environment and Water Resources and Ministry of Nationa l Development.Ministry of Environment and Water Resources. (2008, June 02). About MEWR Our History. Retrieved February 16, 2010, from MEWR Official Website http//app.mewr.gov.sg/web/Contents/Contents.aspx?ContId=2Ministry of Environment and Water Resources. (2009, August 31). Key Environmental Statistic Clean Air. Retrieved February 24, 2010, from MEWR Official Website http//app.mewr.gov.sg/web/Contents/Contents.aspx?ContId=52Sani, S. (1993). Urban Environment in ASEAN Changing Regional Concerns and Approaches. In M. Seda, Environmental Management in ASEAN (pp. 83-110). Singapore Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.T.Rock, M. (2002). Pollution Control in East Asia, Lessons from the Newly Industralizing Economy. United State of America Resources for the Future and the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Tapvong, C. a. (1999). Water quality improvements A contingent valuation study of the Chao Phraya River. Thailand EEPSEA Research Report.Teo, P., Yeoh, B. S., Lai, K. P., Ooi, G. L . (2004). Environmental Planning and Management. In Changing Landscapes of Singapore (pp. 19-33). Singapore McGraw-Hill Education(Asia).

charhf jimhf Character of Jim :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

huckabackleberry Finn - Jim   The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is one of the best-loved novels in American literature. Due to its widespread popularity, critiques and analyses of the work abound, especially of Huck and his development. But in all the analyses of Huck, scholars and students alike have neglected to give rightful place to one of the most important protagonists in American literature--Jim. Without Jims readiness for Huck, Hucks spiritual journey would have failed. In Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Jim plays the role of a father to Huck by providing for his visible, ruttish, and moral well-being.     Jim plays the role of the father by providing for Hucks physical well-being. He first provides food and shelter for the runaway boy. Jim is continually catching fish and fixing meals for Huck. He takes it upon himself to build a snug wigwam on the circle to get under(a) in blazing weather and rainy (48). In contrast, when Huck is at his fathers cabin, he has to stop up the holes to keep the wind from blowing through the chinks and putting the compact disc out (18-19). Jim also provides advice for Huck. From the very beginning of the novel when he sees his fathers boot prints, Huck establishes a precedent of going to Jim for advice. Despite the slaves fearful superstitions, his advice is mostly sound, as seen when he advises against boarding the Walter Scott. Lastly, Jim provides for Hucks physical well-being by providing protection for him. He passively protects Huck from the different people in society by having the raft ready to escape back to the protection of the river. Also, Jim actively protects Huck by lying to the King and Duke for him after they catch up with him on the river and threaten him. while Huck had no one to protect him before, now he has Jim to stand up for him against people that are like Pap, as a father should. Although Jims world power to protect him is limited because of his status as a black slave, he protects him as best he can.   Jim also plays the role of the father by providing for Hucks emotional well-being. He provides physical affection for the boy.

Robber Barons: Gates, Carnagie, Rockafeller, Vanderbilt Essay -- essay

Robber BaronsThe robber barons of the early industrial age, and one modern day baron get been accused of creating monopolies over several different areas. The four barons focused upon are Cornelius Vanderbilt, Andrew Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Bill Gates. They have all created monopolies over their respected industry. These monopolies eliminated all opposition and left wing consumers with only one choice.First off is Cornelius Vanderbilt, he built his business with the New York railways. He built the New York Central System by the 1850s, he also produced the largest steamboat fleet in the United States at that time. He created the New York Central from three smaller railroads which he purchased, the expanded from New York City to Buffalo. ultimately his railroads connected all the way through to Chicago in under four years of being in the business. Not only did he ramble a very large rail system but also became the first to use several different techniques. One was the Westingho use Air Brakes, which would allow for high-speed and more reliable brakes as well as being able to ravel at higher speeds. Another idea pioneered was the four fall into place system which would allow for two freight tracks, one for each direction, and two more tracks for passenger cars. The tactics he used were legal, the only thing he did was purchase smaller lines to help expand his railroads. These were not unethical moves just ways to help his business.&n...